中学生亲子依恋的特点及其对社会适应的影响:父母亲密的调节作用

以六城市2630名中学生为被试,用问卷法考察中学生亲子依恋、父母亲密和社会适应的状况,发现:(1)中学生母子依恋质量高于父子依恋质量;男生的父子沟通、母子疏离和父子疏离的得分显著高于女生;随年级升高,亲子依恋质量显著下降;(2)亲子依恋各维度与社会适应各维度存在显著相关.积极社会适应四维度上的得分,存在双亲安全依恋型>一方安全依恋型(父子安全-母子不安全型和父子不安全-母子安全型)>双亲不安全依恋型的情况,消极社会适应的得分则恰好相反;(3)父母亲密能够调节亲子依恋对社会适应的预测作用.     

优差生亲子沟通与认知和情绪压力的关系

研究对优生、差生与其父母围绕数学问题解决而展开的沟通过程进行观察,并采用量表法测量其感受到的认知和情绪压力,以考察两变量之间的关系及优、差生在两者得分上的差异。结果发现：（1）优生无论在沟通行为次数上,还是在沟通行为类型上都表现出一些积极特征;（2）优生的二级认知压力显著高于差生,一级认知压力和情绪压力显著低于差生;（3）督促、指责等消极沟通行为都与一级认知压力和情绪压力存在正相关,而积极沟通行为,如方法指导等则与一级认知压力、情绪压力呈显著负相关;一级认知压力与正确提议比例之间存在显著负相关。     

亲子沟通的三层次模型:理论、工具及在小学生中的应用

目前的亲子沟通研究存在测量工具缺乏理论依据、测量层次和内容混乱等问题.本研究在系统论思想的指导下提出亲子沟通的三层次模型,从元素、关系和系统三个层面考察亲子沟通状况,并以此模型为基础编制了相应测量工具.经过文献梳理、理论建构、工具编制等环节,逐步完善了模型和相应测量工具.以371名小学五、六年级儿童为被试,检验了亲子沟通量表的可靠性和有效性,并考察亲子沟通基本状况.结果表明,(1)亲子沟通量表的信、效度指标达到了心理测量学要求,能够用于相关实证研究中;(2)被试家庭中,父母的沟通能力优于儿童,母子沟通质量优于父子沟通,母亲的沟通地位比父亲高;(3)父母的倾听能力能有效预测亲子沟通质量,提高父子沟通质量是让父子和母子两种沟通更协调的主要途径.     

9~11岁儿童创造性人格与欺骗行为的关系:亲子沟通质量的调节作用

本研究采用实验法与问卷法探究了创造性人格与儿童利己、利他两类动机的欺骗行为的关系及亲子沟通质量的调节作用,以317名儿童（M=9.77, SD=0.74）为被试,结果显示：（1）创造性人格对儿童利己、利他欺骗行为都具有正向预测作用;（2）父子与母子沟通质量能够负向预测儿童的利己欺骗行为,对利他欺骗行为没有显著预测作用;（3）父子沟通质量能够调节儿童创造性人格与利己、利他欺骗行为的关系：高父子沟通质量能够缓冲创造性人格对儿童利己欺骗行为的正向预测作用,高父子沟通质量也能够保护创造性人格对儿童利他欺骗行为的正向预测;（4）母子沟通质量对创造性人格与儿童利己、利他欺骗行为的关系不具有显著的调节作用。     

亲子沟通对青少年社会适应的影响:兼及普通学校和工读学校的比较

该研究利用协方差结构模型的方法,对青少年的亲子沟通与其行为问题、同伴关系和学业成绩之间的关系进行了考察,并就父子沟通和母子沟通对青少年社会适应影响的差异进行了分析,最后用多样本比较分析了普通学校初中生和工读学校学生之间的差异。结果表明：(1)理论模型与数据吻合很好,家庭亲子沟通影响青少年的行为问题、同伴关系和学业成绩。(2)父子沟通与母子沟通对学生的同伴关系、行为问题和学业成绩的影响无显著差异。在各观察变量中,父子沟通时间和母子沟通态度对青少年的同伴关系有显著影响,亲子沟通(父母)时间对青少年行为问题的发生有影响。(3)不同类型学校之间多样本比较表明,普通校与工读校的青少年在模型结构上存在差异。工读校的青少年,其母亲的沟通态度和选择的沟通场合对同伴关系有显著影响,其父亲对沟通场合的选择和母亲的沟通内容对行为问题的发生有显著影响,父亲沟通的内容与主动性对青少年的学业成绩有影响。(4)普通校学生的同伴关系对行为问题没有显著影响,但在工读学校,同伴关系对行为问题有显著影响。     

初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究

本文比较了父母在亲子沟通上的差异 ,并用结构方程模型分析方法探讨了家庭环境系统中各因素的因果关系。结果表明 :( 1 )初中生的亲子沟通没有年级差异 ;初中生在与父亲的沟通内容上、与母亲的沟通时间和态度上存在性别差异。 ( 2 )父母教育水平对亲子沟通的直接影响很小 ,它主要通过对家庭结构的影响而对亲子沟通施加影响。父母与孩子长期形成的亲子关系质量影响父母与孩子的沟通状况 ;家庭结构影响父亲与孩子的沟通 ,而很少影响孩子与母亲的沟通。 ( 3 )家庭功能对亲子沟通也具有影响力。其中 ,情感反应既影响父子之间的沟通质量也影响母子之间的沟通 ,总的家庭功能影响母子之间的沟通质量 ,而不影响父子之间的沟通。 ( 4 )亲子沟通质量直接影响学生的同伴关系、心理健康和学业成绩。     

亲子依恋与农村留守青少年焦虑的关系:教师支持的保护作用

本研究以306名父外留守、147名双留守和288名非留守青少年为被试,以亲子依恋问卷、领悟社会支持量表和儿童焦虑量表为研究工具,考察了亲子依恋与留守青少年焦虑的关系以及教师支持的保护作用。结果发现：（1）双留守青少年的母子依恋、父子依恋安全性显著低于,焦虑水平显著高于父外留守和非留守青少年,后两组青少年之间差异不显著;（2）安全性母子依恋能降低父外留守青少年的焦虑水平,安全性父子依恋能降低非留守和双留守青少年的焦虑水平;（3）安全性母子依恋能补偿不安全父子依恋对父外留守青少年焦虑的影响;（4）教师支持既能降低非留守和双留守青少年的焦虑水平,也能增强安全性父子依恋对父外留守青少年焦虑的保护作用。     

青少年的父子关系、母子关系及其对抑郁的影响

以438名青少年为被试,考察青少年的亲子关系及其对抑郁的影响。结果发现：（1）青少年母亲支持高于父亲支持,母子冲突高于父子冲突,随年级升高,父母支持减少亲子冲突增多;（2）7年级仅亲子冲突显著预测抑郁,5、10年级父母支持和亲子冲突均显著预测抑郁,但5年级母亲支持和父子冲突仅预测女孩的抑郁;（3）对于10年级女孩,父女冲突较低时,母亲支持越高其抑郁越少,但父女冲突较高时,母亲支持并不能减缓其抑郁情绪。     

亲子依恋与儿童抑郁症状的关系：儿童对环境的生物敏感性的作用及父母差异

不良的亲子依恋是导致儿童抑郁症状的风险因素,但其对儿童的影响会因儿童对环境的生物敏感性不同而存在差异。为探究家庭中母子、父子依恋对儿童抑郁症状的影响及儿童生物敏感性(本文中采用迷走神经抑制作为指标)在其中的作用,本研究结合行为任务、问卷报告、生理测量等多种研究手段,招募150名学龄儿童(平均年龄8.64岁,63名女孩)参与研究。结果表明：(1)学龄儿童的母子依恋水平高于父子依恋水平。(2)高水平的母子依恋与父子依恋会同等程度地降低儿童的抑郁症状。(3)儿童对环境的生物敏感性对母子依恋影响儿童抑郁症状路径的调节作用显著,生理上对环境更敏感(高迷走神经抑制)的儿童更易得益于高母子依恋,表现出较低的抑郁水平;但同时,这类儿童在母子依恋较低时也更易表现出较高的抑郁水平。(4)儿童的生物敏感性对父子依恋影响儿童抑郁症状路径的调节作用不显著,高父子依恋对生物敏感性水平不同的儿童均存在有利影响。(5)在不同情境中测量的迷走神经抑制对亲子依恋影响儿童抑郁症状的调节作用模式相似,表现出跨情境一致的特点。本研究率先揭示儿童迷走神经抑制与亲子依恋对儿童抑郁症状的联合作用机制及父母角色差异。     

文化刻板印象、父母孝道相似性对孝道代际传递的影响

配对调查了591户家庭的亲子被试，考察了文化刻板印象、父母孝道相似性对孝道代际传递的影响。结果显示：（1）假定父子女和假定母子女两种孝道的皮尔逊相关（r）和轮廓相似性（q）都不显著，真实父子女和母子女之间都显著正相关，假定亲子两种孝道绝对差异分数（d）处于中等水平，但假定亲子的绝对差异分数显著高于真实亲子；（2）控制了文化刻板印象影响的条件下，父亲和母亲的权威性孝道和互惠性孝道能分别正向预测子女的权威性孝道和互惠性孝道；（3）控制了文化刻板印象影响的条件下，父母互惠性孝道相似性仅能正向预测子女互惠性孝道，但父母权威性孝道相似性对子女的权威性孝道和互惠性孝道预测都不显著。据此研究结果，文化刻板印象对亲子孝道相似性的影响效应较小，但亲子真实的孝道代际传递效应较高，以及父母互惠性孝道相似性有利于子女互惠性孝道形成。     

Parent–adolescent communication in foster,inter‐country adoptive,and biological Italian families: Gender and generational differences

There is a paucity of studies aimed at comparing how parents and children in different family structures cope with the challenges posed by the adolescence transition; in particular, there are few studies aimed at comparing adoptive and foster families. In order to partially fill this gap, the principal aims of the present study were to verify whether there are differences in parent–child communication among foster, intercountry adoptive, and biological families according to the adolescents' gender, and to compare the perceptions of parents and adolescents concerning parent–child communication. Data were elaborated on two levels: a generational level (adolescent's and his/her parents' perceptions among the three family groups) and a dyadic level (mother–child and father–child perceptions). The sample was composed of 276 Italian families with adolescents aged between 11 and 17 (81 foster, 98 international adoptive, and 97 biological families). Subjects (mothers, fathers, and children) filled out a questionnaire including the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale (Barnes & Olson, 1985 ). Results highlighted that in foster families, parent–child communication showed more difficulties from both the adolescent's and the parents' point of view. Adoptive adolescents, however, reported a more positive communication with both their parents than did their peers living in biological and foster families. At a dyadic level, some differences emerged among the three groups. In biological families, a more pronounced distance emerged between parents and children. In adoptive families, father and adolescent shared more similar perceptions, whereas a significant discrepancy emerged between mother and child. A higher level of perceptual congruence between adolescents and parents was found in foster families. Gender differences were also seen: Mothers experienced a more open communication with their children than did fathers, and adolescents, and above all females, communicated better with their mothers than with their fathers in all three family groups.     

Spillover to triadic and dyadic systems in families with young children

Research has evidenced support for the spillover model, which asserts that parents' marital functioning influences their parenting and coparenting behavior in dyadic (mother-child and father-child) and triadic (mother-father-child) family contexts. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated the spillover model in both parenting and coparenting systems, preventing examination of whether spillover impacts both systems equally or differentially. Further, little research has examined whether quality of the marital system influences children's behavior toward their parents, as well as their parents' behavior, in dyadic interactions. We examined the spillover model using observational measures of parent and child behavior in parent-child dyadic interactions as well as coparenting in triadic interactions. We also explored parent and child gender differences in spillover effects. Participants were families with children aged 3 to 6 years (n = 149). Findings indicated that spillover occurs to multiple family systems, but the effects varied according to whose behavior (mother, father, child) was explored. In families of boys and girls, the marital system influenced warmth in triadic interactions, as well as fathers' responsiveness and children's responsiveness to mothers in dyadic interactions. Spillover effects were largely equivalent for girls and boys, but spillover to coparenting hostility in triadic interactions was limited to families raising girls. Parent gender also moderated associations between marital functioning and parent-child interactions: Spillover was significantly stronger for fathers' responsiveness (vs. mothers' responsiveness) and child responsiveness to mothers (vs. child responsiveness to fathers).     

Self-reported reflective functioning and father–child interactions in a sample of fathers who have used intimate partner violence

Reflective functioning (RF) has been found to be associated with mother–child interactions, but less is known about the association of fathers’ self and child-focused RF and father–child relationships.  Fathers who have histories of intimate partner violence (IPV) are known to have poor RF, which may impact their father–child interactions.  The current study was designed to examine how types of RF are associated with father–child relationships.  Pretreatment assessments and recorded, coded father–child play interactions were used to examine associations among fathers’ history of adverse childhood experiences (ACES), RF and coded father-child play interactions in a sample of 47 fathers with a history of IPV use in the last 6 months with their coparent.  Fathers’ ACES and their child's mental states (CM) were associated with father-child dyadic play interactions.  Fathers with greater ACES and higher scores on CM had the most dyadic tension and constriction during play interactions.  Those with high ACES but low CM had scores similar to those with low ACES and low CM.  These results indicate that fathers who have used IPV and have a history of significant adversity may benefit from interventions to increase their child-focused RF and further improve their interactions with their children.     

THE QUALITY OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND TODDLERS’ AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHINA

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the quality of early father–child rough‐and‐tumble play (RTP) on toddler aggressive behaviors and more fully understand how child, mother, and father characteristics were associated with higher quality father–child RTP among contemporary urban Chinese families. Participants included 42 families in Changsha, China. Play observations of fathers and their children were coded for RTP quality. The specific RTP quality of father–child reciprocity of dominance was associated with fewer toddler aggressive behaviors, as rated by both fathers and mothers. Mothers’ democratic parenting attitudes were associated with higher quality father–child RTP. These findings suggest that higher quality father–child RTP may be one way in which some fathers influence children's expression of aggressive behaviors, and the quality of father–child RTP may be influenced by the broader family, social, and cultural contexts.     

父母婚姻质量对小学生家庭作业努力影响的追踪研究:亲子亲合的中介作用

本研究探讨了父母婚姻质量对小学生家庭作业努力的影响,以及亲子亲合在父母婚姻质量与小学生家庭作业努力之间的中介作用。采用婚姻质量问卷、亲子亲合问卷、作业努力问卷对四个地区625名小学生及其家长进行了为期九个月的三次追踪研究。结果表明:(1)三次测量的父母婚姻质量、亲子亲合、小学生家庭作业努力两两之间存在显著相关;(2)交叉滞后分析显示,父母婚姻质量通过亲子亲合对小学生家庭作业努力产生影响。研究揭示了父母婚姻关系和亲子亲合对小学生家庭作业努力的影响及其作用机制,研究结果对父母参与小学生家庭作业具有启发和指导意义。     

父母心理攻击：代际传递与配偶对代际传递的调节作用

作为一种常见的父母严厉管教方式, 父母心理攻击是指父母通过言语的或象征性的攻击行为对儿童实施的心理上或情感上的拒绝。国外研究表明, 父母严厉管教表现出代际传递效应。选取793名小学生父母为被试, 采用问卷调查法考察中国文化背景下父母心理攻击的代际传递效应以及配偶对代际传递的调节作用。结果表明：(1)母亲对男孩实施心理攻击的普遍性和频繁性显著高于女孩。(2)父母的心理攻击均具有显著的代际传递效应。(3)父亲对儿童实施的心理攻击对母亲心理攻击的代际传递具有调节作用, 母亲心理攻击的代际传递性随着父亲心理攻击水平的增高而降低。     

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and ADHD: A Case Study With a Hearing Child of a Deaf Father and a Hearing Mother

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has demonstrated promising evidence in its implementation with deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) families. This case study presents the implementation of PCIT with a hearing mother, a deaf father, and their 7-year-old hearing son with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and oppositional behaviors, using the assistance of certified interpreters. Results documented improvement in child behavior, parenting skills and stress, and parent-child communication. Notably, paternal ratings showed greater improvement across these outcomes than maternal ratings. Overall, PCIT continues to demonstrate its effectiveness as a treatment option for DHH families with children with challenging behaviors. The limitations and implications are discussed.     

The Role of Fathers’ Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Dyadic Adjustment in the Intergeneration Transmission of Captivity Trauma

This study aimed to assess the longitudinal associations between the 1973 Israeli-Arab War ex-prisoners of war’s (ex-POWs) posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS) and dyadic adjustment (DAS) and their adult offspring’s secondary PTSS and DAS. A sample of 124 Israeli father–child dyads has been examined (fathers at 2003 and 2008; offspring at 2013–2014). Results show that fathers’ PTSS and DAS mediated the link between war captivity and offspring’s secondary PTSS and DAS, respectively. The intergenerational transmission of captivity trauma is indirectly explained by the long-term effects of the fathers’ PTSS on their offspring’s secondary PTSS and DAS.