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1.
高唤醒是创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的主要症状之一, 对创伤后应激障碍的形成与发展起核心作用。急性应激期产生的高唤醒可以预测其后PTSD的回避与麻木、再体验等症状的形成, 在创伤后早期, 降低唤醒程度可以减轻PTSD相关的症状表现。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴异常变化会导致去甲肾上腺素(NE)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)过度释放, 同时皮质醇(酮)水平下降, 这二者是高唤醒产生与维持的主要原因。另外, 5-羟色胺(5-HT)系统的高度激活也影响了高唤醒的形成。食欲素神经肽与NE、CRF与5-HT系统有密切的神经联系, 可能参与高唤醒的调节, 是近年来研究的一个热点。  相似文献   

2.
创伤后应激障碍的认知理论   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
创伤后应激障碍是少数具有相对明确病源的精神障碍之一,而且具有独特的临床特 征,如创伤事件的频繁闪现、过度警觉等。关于创伤后应激障碍,存在多种理论解释,该文 对创伤后应激障碍的认知理论作一简要介绍和评述。  相似文献   

3.
创伤后应激障碍研究进展   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
文章概括了国内外近年来对创伤后应激障碍的研究,分别介绍了其基本概念、临床分型、理论模型、评估诊断,以及治疗方法。对这一心理障碍的进一步研究能充实心理咨询治疗的课题,并具有重要的社会意义。  相似文献   

4.
创伤后应激障碍(Posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者通常伴随着明显的认知功能损伤。例如,存在注意保持缺陷,对与创伤相关的信息表现出更多的注意偏向和应激反应;并存在对创伤信息的记忆偏向,在陈述性记忆和自传体记忆中表现出一定的缺陷。近年的研究积累了更多类似的证据,表明PTSD的认知损伤可能与执行功能缺陷密切相关,但这一解释是否正确仍有待进一步的研究。本综述对5·12汶川大地震后长期的心理干预工作,尤其是认知功能损伤人群的筛选、恢复以及相关科学研究具有现实意义和理论启发作用  相似文献   

5.
具身认知理论从身体-心灵-环境整合视角解释创伤后应激障碍机制,即创伤事件通过“自上而下”和“自下而上”双通路作用于个体身体与心灵,并诱发多种躯体与精神症状。该理论为创伤后应激障碍提供系统性解释框架,强调具身记忆与内感受在症状维持与发展过程中的中介机制。具身认知理论指导下的心理治疗更强调身体干预与环境互动的优势,未来研究需结合现有疗法强化身体干预,关注身体-大脑/心灵-环境动态交互对治疗的影响,以优化干预方案。  相似文献   

6.
评估经历两次撞击的集体特大交通事故中36名伤员1周内的创伤后应激障碍症状.以PCL-C为提纲,结合伤员自身、家属和同病房伤员的描述由评估者经过个体晤谈后完成评定.结果显示伤员最常见的症状是:创伤提示异常心理痛苦(83.33%),闯入性回忆(69.44%),回避创伤提示物品或境遇(66.67%),惊跳反应(63.89%),回避创伤相关思考(61.11%)和睡眠障碍(61.11%);63.89%的伤员PCL-C总分≥41;维吾尔族伤员创伤后应激障碍症状严重程度高于汉族伤员.  相似文献   

7.
创伤后应激障碍的双重表征理论(dual representation theory of PTSD,DRT)基于多重记忆系统的观点,强调特定加工通路(即视觉加工腹侧通路和背侧通路)在侵入性表象形成和提取中的作用。DRT认为,两类不同性质的竞争性认知任务(即言语任务和视觉空间任务)分别占用特定加工通路的认知资源从而影响创伤信息加工和创伤记忆再巩固;工作记忆模型(working memory model,WMM)则强调竞争性认知任务对整体认知资源的占用。目前,DRT和WMM均得到了一些研究的支持。未来的研究应考虑个体的工作记忆能力;开展更多干预研究,并尝试改进研究方法,以及设计与文化相符、更加生活化的竞争性认知任务。此外,在加强模拟干预研究的同时也要增加临床应用研究,适当开展真实创伤情境的干预研究,还要加强相关信息加工能力训练的研究。  相似文献   

8.
创伤后应激障碍是一种高度痛苦且致残的心理疾病,在全球范围内造成了重大的健康负担。网络化心理干预因其易得性和匿名性等特征,被广泛应用于创伤后应激障碍的治疗领域。本研究综述了“自上而下”和“自下而上”的网络化心理干预方法及其效果,发现大部分干预措施对于创伤后应激障碍具有良好的效果。为了深入探究干预起效的心理机制,本研究构建了网络化干预创伤后应激障碍的双重机制模型,即基于认知重构的认知行为疗法模型和基于认知歪曲的认知偏向矫正模型,为创伤后应激障碍的网络化干预提供理论和实践指导。未来研究中,可以引入聊天机器人和虚拟仿真工具等技术,为用户提供即时支持和个性化干预,实现更全面的数字化干预流程,提升创伤后应激障碍的网络化干预效果和效率。  相似文献   

9.
创伤后应激障碍是一种具有复杂病因学的精神疾病,多发生于个体受到重大创伤事件后。创伤后应激障碍的发生发展过程受到环境和遗传易感性的共同作用,存在着较大的个体差异;而表观遗传学作为一门研究多变环境因素调控基因表达的可遗传变化的学科,近年来在创伤后应激障碍的研究中受到越来越多的重视。表观遗传机制之一——组蛋白修饰机制在创伤后应激障碍的发生中起着重要作用,并且由于组蛋白修饰可以受到多种酶的调控,其灵活的可逆化和精细调控为相应的药物研发提供了可能性和便利。因此,深入探讨创伤后应激障碍的组蛋白修饰机制,对于相关疾病的临床治疗及药物研发具有十分重要的意义。当前创伤后应激障碍的组蛋白修饰研究主要使用动物模型,临床研究较少;组蛋白的类型则主要关注组蛋白H3和H4乙酰化;此外,同以往的研究结果一致,组蛋白修饰水平的变化主要发生在前额叶、海马体和杏仁核区域,参与免疫系统、血清素系统和神经肽Y能系统等相关通路的调节。当前PTSD组蛋白修饰的研究结果间还存在较大的异质性,未来的研究应采用更加一致和实用的分析和报道方法,以最大限度地发挥研究的影响。  相似文献   

10.
王文超  原昊  伍新春 《心理学报》2022,54(12):1503-1516
为揭示灾后中小学生创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和抑郁在症状层面的共存模式,本研究分别在汶川地震和雅安地震1年后,对灾区的中小学生进行问卷调查,并基于高斯图形模型和贝叶斯爬山算法构建了二者的共存症状网络。结果发现,在DSM-IV的框架下,PTSD和抑郁的重叠症状以及情绪麻木症状在二者的共存网络中起到了桥接作用;子网络探测结果与DSM-IV划分的症状边界不同,PTSD中的闯入性症状和回避性症状是其区别于抑郁的特异性症状,且多为闯入性症状激发回避性症状;在二者的共存模式中,多为抑郁症状激发PTSD症状。上述结果在汶川和雅安两个样本中均得到了交叉验证,具有一定的可推广性。  相似文献   

11.
    
In recent years, a range of counselling and psychotherapy interventions have been developed in work with clients and patients suffering from the psychological effects of trauma. This paper outlines various theoretical models of psychological trauma, selected because they can specifically encompass both the external aetiology (i.e. the traumatic event) and also explain (to a greater or lesser extent) the enormous range of reactions to that event. These models are critically discussed in terms of their implications for counselling practice, and as guides to further research. Examples are given of ways in which the author has drawn on different theoretical frameworks to inform her own therapeutic practice in work with people experiencing post‐traumatic stress disorder.  相似文献   

12.
灾难中的心理危机干预——精神病学的视角   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
灾难事件是一种特殊类型的生活事件,因其超出个体应对能力,因此灾难事件后常并发一系列的精神卫生问题。急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍、抑郁症、自杀是灾后常见精神卫生问题。本文回顾了近年来灾难事件相关精神障碍的研究,并总结了去年发生在我国的两次重大灾难性事件的相关研究结果,从精神病学视角对灾难事件后心理危机干预策略进行了探讨。  相似文献   

13.
    
Background and Objectives: Deployment-related risk factors for suicidal ideation among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans have received a great deal of attention. Studies show that mental health symptoms mediate the association between most deployment stressors and suicidal ideation; however, family-related factors during deployment are largely unexplored. We examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms as mediators of the associations between deployment family support and stress and post-deployment suicidal ideation in combat-exposed OEF/OIF veterans. Design: National cross-sectional mail survey. Methods: 1046 veterans responded to the survey. The sample for this study was 978 veterans who experienced combat. Regression-based path analyses were conducted. Results: Family support and stress had direct associations with suicidal ideation. When PTSD and depression symptoms were examined as mediators of these associations, results revealed significant indirect paths through these symptoms. Conclusions: This study contributes to the literature on suicidal ideation risk factors among OEF/OIF veterans. Deployment family support and family stress are associated with suicidal ideation; however these associations occur primarily through mental health symptomatology, consistent with findings observed for other deployment factors. This research supports ongoing efforts to treat mental health symptomatology as a means of suicide prevention.  相似文献   

14.
采用问卷法,随机选取河北省三类中学(重点、普通、私立)324名高三考生为被试,考察了学生对高考的认知评价、心理控制感、社会支持与高考压力的关系.结果表明:(1)重点中学、普通中学学生心理控制感显著高于私立中学学生,女生在社会支持的寻求上显著高于男生;(2)积极认知评价、心理控制感和社会支持与高考压力有显著负相关,而消极认知评价与高考压力有显著的正相关;(3)消极认知评价、心理控制感和社会支持对高考压力有直接影响;而积极认知评价通过心理控制感和社会支持间接影响高考压力.  相似文献   

15.
创伤后应激障碍是一种高度痛苦且致残的心理疾病, 在全球范围内造成了重大的健康负担。网络化心理干预因其易得性和匿名性等特征, 被广泛应用于创伤后应激障碍的治疗领域。本研究综述了“自上而下”和“自下而上”的网络化心理干预方法及其效果, 发现大部分干预措施对于创伤后应激障碍具有良好的效果。为了深入探究干预起效的心理机制, 本研究构建了网络化干预创伤后应激障碍的双重机制模型, 即基于认知重构的认知行为疗法模型和基于认知歪曲的认知偏向矫正模型, 为创伤后应激障碍的网络化干预提供理论和实践指导。未来研究中, 可以引入聊天机器人和虚拟仿真工具等技术, 为用户提供即时支持和个性化干预, 实现更全面的数字化干预流程, 提升创伤后应激障碍的网络化干预效果和效率。  相似文献   

16.
Research is consistent in showing that international adoption is an intervention leading to great recovery for adopted children, but there is a need of research on factors associated with recovery. The present study is aimed at: (a) assessing children’s cognitive skills and social-emotional dimensions on their arrival to their new family; (b) evaluating their development after one year; (c) identifying which factors influence development, taking into account children’s gender, age, health status on arrival, years of institutionalization, and the initial psychological delay. Participants were 53 internationally adopted children (30 boys and 23 girls), aged 5.68 years old on average at placement (range 2–14). Results showed that children’s development one year after adoption was extraordinary, both in cognitive skills and in social-emotional dimensions. The children more delayed on arrival showed the larger progress over time, and their recovery was greater in cognitive skills than in social-emotional dimensions.  相似文献   

17.
创伤是指灾难性或创伤性事件给个体带来的伤害,不仅指身体受伤害,还包括心理伤害。创伤因素引发的强烈的情感反应和心理阴影会形成创伤心理,处理不当会进一步发展成创伤后应激障碍。本文主要从心理学的角度来探讨了创伤性事件引起的创伤心理及其形成的根源和创伤后应激反应的脑机制,最后根据心理学最新的相关研究结果提出干预建议,为有关部门的工作提供一定的参考  相似文献   

18.
    
Macleod (2009) criticizes Boulind and Edwards (2008) for using the concept of post-abortion syndrome (PAS) in their conceptualization of the case of Grace. This article responds to this by arguing the following points: 1) the appropriation of PAS into anti-abortion rhetoric is not sufficient reason to abandon it since this rhetoric distorts the facts, 2) methodological difficulties cited by Macleod in identifying the nature of the distress experienced by some women post-abortion are an artifact of the use of multivariate statistical methods which are not appropriate for answering these questions; 3) the well documented process of maternal foetal attachment, which has a neurobiological basis, shapes a pregnant women's experience of the foetus in the direction of experiencing it in personal terms; 4) the incorporation of this into the clinical concept of PAS carries no implications about foetal personhood; 5) there is considerable documentation of the loss of a foetus being experienced as a bereavement by some women and giving rise to a traumatic grief response; 6) there is a difference between a formal diagnosis in a diagnostic manual and a clinical syndrome which can guide case formulation. It is concluded that the presentation of the case of Grace, rather than offering evidence that supports a pro-life stance on abortion, is an example of the kind of emancipatory theory and practice that is advocated by Macleod.  相似文献   

19.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The objectives of the current study were (1) to assess adjustment in patients following a first myocardial infarction (MI) at 9 months compared with 4-6 weeks post-MI, (2) to examine the availability of and satisfaction with social support over time, and (3) to determine separate baseline psychosocial predictors of recurrent cardiac events. A questionnaire assessing post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, health complaints, and social support, was distributed to consecutive patients 4-6 weeks and 9 months post-MI. Prior to assessment at follow-up, 8 (7%) of 112 patients had dropped out, and two had died due to cardiac causes. Objective clinical measures were obtained from medical records. There was an improvement in somatic and cognitive symptoms at follow-up, but no change in symptoms of arousal, depression, and anxiety. Half of the patients were afraid of a recurrent MI. There was a significant decrease in social support between baseline and follow-up, and lower social support at baseline was associated with a 10% increased risk of recurrent cardiac events at follow-up (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.97) adjusting for all other variables. Some patients still experienced difficulties with psychosocial adjustment 9 months post-MI despite a reduction in somatic and cognitive symptoms. Social support decreased over time, which may have serious prognostic implications; lower social support at baseline was an independent predictor of recurrent events at 9 months. An important step for future research will be to investigate how social support can be enhanced in patients at risk.  相似文献   

20.
    
A substantial proportion of returnees from the Iraq war have significant psychological symptoms related to war zone exposure, including high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), nightmares, and sleep disturbances. This pilot investigation examined the feasibility and efficacy of a promising cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for nightmares, Imagery Rehearsal, combined with CBT for insomnia. Seven veterans completed treatment and showed promising pre-post effects regarding nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and PTSD. This report further examined the content of participants' nightmares, changes made during treatment, and potentially important modifying variables of treatment outcome. Those with redeployment fears, guilt due to perpetration issues, or traumatic brain injuries may receive some but not full benefits of the treatment.  相似文献   

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