心理咨询和治疗的知情同意原则及其影响因素

随着心理咨询和治疗的发展,患者的知情同意成为临床心理学实践的一个基本伦理观念和原则.首先提出心理咨询和治疗实践中的知情同意问题,介绍心理咨询和治疗知情同意的要素、过程、内容、意义和影响因素,并附心理咨询和治疗提供给患者的知情同意问卷,旨在引起从业者的注意和重视,并在临床实践中自觉地遵守.     

当代中国心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意与保密状况研究

本研究采用问卷调查法,以自编“心理咨询和治疗伦理问题调查问卷（咨询师版）”对全国范围内1000名心理咨询和治疗师进行调查,以了解心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意和保密情况。结果发现目前国内的心理咨询和治疗从业者知情同意和保密原则的伦理意识和行为比较欠缺,需要增加专业的训练、进行统一伦理规范。     

当代中国心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意与保密状况研究

本研究采用问卷调查法,以自编"心理咨询和治疗伦理问题调查问卷(咨询师版)"对全国范围内1 000名心理咨询和治疗师进行调查,以了解心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意和保密情况.结果发现目前国内的心理咨询和治疗从业者知情同意和保密原则的伦理意识和行为比较欠缺.需要增加专业的训练、进行统一伦理规范.     

口腔临床医疗实践中知情同意的实现

知情同意是一项重要的伦理学原则和患者自主权的具体表现形式。本文分析了在口腔临床医疗实践中知情同意存在的突出问题和原因,并探讨了实现的方法和途径。本文认为只有遵循全面、精确、真实的告知原则,让患者在充分理解的基础上做出自主地选择,才能保障知情同意原则的实现。     

乡村医生对知情同意与保密的认知态度调查分析

对河北省5个地区近800名乡村医生进行抽样调查显示,乡村医生对知情同意和保密的认知度较高。其中绝大多数医生能够在医疗实践中坚持知情同意和保密的伦理原则,但乡村地域文化和医疗服务的特点决定了乡村医生在履行知情同意时具有不同于城市的独特性。对乡村医生来说,应进一步明确知情同意中尊重患者选择权与乡村医生责任的关系,并通过有效沟通行使知情同意权及规范保密的具体内容,确保在医疗实践中更好地做到知情同意与保密。     

《侵权责任法》视域中患者知情不同意的法律思考

患者知情同意原则本质地内涵着患者知情不同意的权利,医方对患者知情不同意更应谨慎处理.针对患者知情不同意的不同类型,在实践中适用《侵权责任法》时应当注意替代同意的效力问题,明确医方告知的信息范围和告知方式,并在患者拒绝治疗后谨慎处理医生干涉权和患者自主权之间的关系.     

纸质与视频补充材料对手术知情同意体验的影响：以腹腔镜胆囊切除手术为例

知情同意书在医患沟通中起着间接传递信息的重要作用。以159名大学生为被试,通过操纵不同的知情同意方式,考察了纸质或视频补充信息对患者知情同意满意度、理解程度以及患者信息需求的满足程度影响。结果发现,接受纸质补充知情同意或视频补充知情同意的被试对知情同意过程的满意度、对手术信息的理解程度与知情同意信息需求的满足程度显著高于接受普通知情同意的被试。同时,纸质补充知情同意使得“治疗信息需求的满足程度”最高。这表明,纸质补充知情同意更能满足患者对治疗信息的需求。     

知情同意的临床实践存在的问题及对策

临床医疗实践中贯彻实施知情同意原则旨在保护病人的权益不受侵犯,然而知情同意原则实施起来并不简单,它常常会受到主客体两方面种种因素的制约,陷入意想不到的困境。分析了知情同意原则在实施过程中可能出现的一些难以回避的问题,并针对这些问题探讨了若干对策。     

《中华医学百科全书·医学伦理学卷》条目选载(一)

正知情同意(Informed Consent)指在疾病诊疗、预防、公共卫生、医学科研及其他医学实践活动中,患者及患者家属、受试者、公众享有知情和同意的权利;知情同意是医学伦理学最重要的伦理学原则之一,是自主原则在医疗实践中的具体应用,是医疗卫生服务人员和科研人员对患者、享受医疗保健各种服务和受试者个人权利的尊重的承诺。概述现代意义上的知情同意,起始于1946年对德国纳粹战犯的纽伦堡军事法庭决议部分内容的《纽伦     

浅谈患者及其亲属知情同意与医生的责任

患者及其亲属均为知情同意的主体,但知情的范围及其方式应视不同的情况作灵活地处置,运用临床工作中两个典型的案例,分析患者知情同意与医生的责任之间存在的冲突及患者亲属知情同意与医生的责任之间的矛盾,并提出了当患者的利益与亲属知情权存在冲突时,亲属的知情同意应在保护患者,尊重患者意见的前提下进行,以避免医患间的冲突。     

Genetic Counseling Practice in Next Generation Sequencing Research: Implications for the Ethical Oversight of the Informed Consent Process

The potential for next generation sequencing research (NGS) to generate individual genetic results could have implications for the informed consent process and the provision of genetic counseling. We undertook a content analysis of informed consent templates and guidelines produced by Canadian institutional review boards, purposively sampling documents used by researchers to obtain consent from participants in genetics studies. Our goal was to examine the extent to which the informed consent documents addressed genetic counseling and the return of individual genetic results. Our analysis reveals that the majority of informed consent documents did not mention genetic counseling while several did not mention the return of results. We found differences in the ways in which documents addressed availability of counseling, eligibility criteria for referral to a genetic counselor, genetic counselor involvement, provision of services to family members of participants and incidental findings. From an ethical standpoint, consent documents should provide appropriate information so that participants may make an informed decision about their participation in research. The need to ensure adequate counseling for study populations in an NGS research context will necessarily involve adapting values that underlie care in genetic counseling practice. If the interests of research participants are to be truly promoted, the drafting and review of informed consent documents should give proper due to genetic counseling.     

The Effects of Enhanced Informed Consent in a Pro-Life Pregnancy Counseling Center

The current study investigated the effects of an enhanced informed consent condition on attitudes toward a counselor, counseling situation, and decision making in a pro-life pregnancy center. The following questions were specifically addressed: (1) Would enhanced informed consent be related to increased pro-abort decisions? and (2) Would enhanced informed consent be related to more positive attitudes toward the counselor and center? Results suggested that enhanced consent did not lead to increased or decreased decisions to abort nor to differential attitudes toward the counselor or counseling setting. Results are discussed in terms of their support for the provision of full informed consent as consistent with both prevailing ethical and legal guidelines.     

Routine HIV testing of hospital patients and pregnant women: informed consent in the real world

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that HIV testing be routinely offered to certain patients in hospitals with a high prevalence of HIV infection and on all pregnant women. The CDC does not, however, offer implementation level guidelines for obtaining informed consent. We provide a moral justification for requiring informed consent for HIV testing and propose guidelines for securing such consent. In particular we argue that genuine informed consent can be secured without elaborate counseling, such as that currently used at Counseling and Testing Sites, provided that sufficient written notice is given to the patients before testing and that they are specifically asked for permission.     

A Survey of Genetic Counselors' Use of Informed Consent Documents for Prenatal Genetic Counseling Sessions

Thirty six members of the Prenatal Diagnosis Special Interest Group of the National Society of Genetic Counselors were interviewed about their use of informed consent documents for the genetic counseling component of their prenatal genetic counseling sessions and their perceptions of the utility and feasibility of such documents. Major findings include (1) None of the genetic counselors currently used a consent document describing the genetic counseling component of the session itself; (2) Only three participants stated that they had ever used an informed consent document for this component of the session; (3) They disagreed about the importance and usefulness of such a document; (4) There was variability in their reported likelihood of using a document if one were available; (5) There was a fair amount of agreement about the types of information to include on an informed consent document for genetic counseling; over half of the sample endorsed 8 of 10 topics; and (6) Participants identified 10 obstacles to using such a document. Recommendations for genetic counseling practice, policy, and research are given.     

知情同意对危重病患者心理影响的现状研究

探讨知情同意对危重病患者的心理影响。根据知情同意实施现状,将患者分为患者知情组、家属知情组,采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法对两组知情同意前、后的心理状况进行评估和比较。采取自愿方式及适宜的告知方法由患者本人知情同意,患者的心理状况与选择家属知情同意的患者无明显区别。     

Routine screening: informed consent, stigma and the waning of HIV exceptionalism

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently recommended that HIV screening should become routine for all adults in the United States. Implicit in the CDC proposal is the notion that pre-test counseling would be more limited than at present, and that written informed consent to screening would no longer be required. If widely implemented, routine testing would mark a tremendous shift in the US HIV screening strategy. There are a number of considerations used to determine what screening tests should be routine, and HIV fits the bill in almost every regard. Yet the stigma associated with HIV infection remains, making the CDC's recommendation highly controversial. Will minimizing requirements for pre-test counseling and special written informed consent lead to unexpected or unwanted HIV testing, or do these stringent counseling and consent requirements needlessly scare people away? Will widespread and routine testing be associated with declining stigmatization, or will it drive some patients away from seeking desperately needed health care? These are high stakes questions, and we're about to find out the answers.     

The Psychological Dimension of Informed Consent: Dissonance Processes in Genetic Testing

This paper discusses the issue of the psychological dimension of informed consent. In this paper, the author proposes that informed consent is a continuous variable rather than a dichotomous one. When clients better understand their motives and actual, rather than just perceived degree of choice in pursuing a particular option in a medical setting, their level of informed consent is greater. Findings from existing literature in the field of genetic testing are examined in terms of dissonance theory. These findings suggest that testing candidates sometimes overestimate their coping skills and minimize the threat to psychological integrity that a particular genetic result may pose. Counseling directed towards realistic appraisal of degree of choice in pursuing testing is examined as an aspect of supporting informed consent and possibly reducing the potential for adverse psychological outcome in the longer term.     

Informed Consent

Summary

This article focuses on informed consent and the components to be reviewed with clients in the first session or as early as possible thereafter. Recent changes that give patients greater autonomy in the treatment process are also presented. The process of obtaining informed consent or informed refusal places a new responsibility on the practitioner. Informed consent as it pertains to clinical practice, supervision and training, and psychological research is also discussed.