共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
采用学习—测试二阶段实验范式,对比了类别标签与类别特征在类别特征推理中的极化效应.研究结果表明,在类别标签组,标签匹配项目上的特征推理分数显著高于标签不匹配项目上的特征推理分数;在特征标签组,标签匹配项目上的特征推理分数与标签不匹配项目上的特征推理分数之间差异不显著.类别标签组的失匹配分数显著高于特征标签组.即在类别特征推理任务中,类别标签的极化效应显著高于类别特征的极化效应,因此,类别标签与类别特征存在本质差异,类别标签在类别特征推理中起主导作用.而且,本研究还发现,高前提概率条件下的特征推理分数都显著高于低前提概率条件下的特征推理分数,所以,前提概率也影响类别特征推理任务. 相似文献
6.
7.
采用人工材料,比较类别标签、特征相似性与因果关系对归纳推理强度的影响。包括两个实验,实验1比较类别标签与特征相似性对归纳推理的影响,结果表明,当类别标签对归纳推理的影响显著强于特征相似性时,不能将类别标签等同于一个相似性特征。实验2进一步探讨类别标签与因果关系对归纳推理的作用,结果表明,因果关系作用明显强于类别标签的作用。综合两个实验的结果并整合前人相关研究,提出了不同关系影响归纳推理的强度假想。 相似文献
8.
从类别学习和分类运用(包括非人类对象分类和社会分类)两个方面阐述了分类的神经机制。类别学习主要与新皮层、内侧颞叶、基底神经节、中脑多巴胺能系统有关, 不同类别的学习会激活这些神经系统间不同的连接。对非人类对象分类时, 不同类型、级别、熟悉度及相似度类别分类的神经机制不同, 分类对象的清晰度、类别不确定性会影响分类的神经机制, 在分类进程的不同时段会出现对应的ERP指标。社会分类时个体先注意到外群体再加工内群体, 且对内群体的加工更深, P200和N200是对内、外群体区分的特异性波, 内外群体分类时, 内群体激活梭状回和扣带回后部, 外群体激活杏仁核。文章最后比较了人类和灵长类动物分类神经机制的异同, 并指出社会分类和非人类对象分类神经机制的整合以及人类和灵长类动物分类神经机制的比较是今后研究需要关注的问题。 相似文献
9.
探讨在双类别情境中,新项目与类别成员的关系对特征推理的影响.共包括两个实验,被试是62名大一年级学生.实验1与实验2分别探讨在有无类别标签的情况下,诊断特征数量的增减对新项目预测特征推理的影响,即探讨类别特征相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响.结果表明:无论有无类别标签,诊断特征数量的增减对新项目预测特征的推理影响是相同的,即相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响是相同的. 相似文献
10.
类别学习中的分类和推理 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
该文介绍了类别学习中的分类和推理两种任务,并从学习的条件、过程、结果和发展等方面的归纳了当前研究的最新进展。表明了类别的分类学习和推理学习有相同的形式,但学习的信息处理过程和学习的结果不同。分类学习关注类别间的区分性信息,更可能是样例学习结果;推理学习更为关注单个类别内部的共同性信息,更可能是原型学习结果。这方面的结论强化了基于解释的观点。 相似文献
11.
Rehder B 《Memory & cognition》2006,34(1):3-16
Five experiments were performed to investigate the category-based generalization of nonblank properties, properties that were novel but that were attributed to existing category features with causal explanations. Experiments 1-3 tested how such explanations interact with the well-known effects of similarity on such generalizations. The results showed that when the causal explanations were used, standard effects of typicality (Experiment 1), diversity (Experiment 2), or similarity itself (Experiment 3) were almost completely eliminated. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that category-based generalizations exhibit some of the standard properties of causal reasoning; for example, an effect (i.e., a novel category property) is judged to be more prevalent when its cause (i.e., an existing category feature) is also prevalent. These findings suggest that category-based property generalization is often an instance of causal inference. 相似文献
12.
Griffiths O Hayes BK Newell BR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2012,38(3):576-595
Previous research has suggested that when feature inferences have to be made about an instance whose category membership is uncertain, feature-based inductive reasoning is used to the exclusion of category-based induction. These results contrast with the observation that people can and do use category-based induction when category membership is known. The present experiments examined the conditions that drive feature-based and category-based strategies in induction under category uncertainty. Specifically, 2 experiments investigated whether reliance on feature-based inductive strategies is a product of the lack of coherence in the categories used in previous research or is due to the use of a decision-only induction procedure. Experiment 1 found that feature-based reasoning remained the preferred strategy even when categories with relatively high internal coherence were used. Experiment 2 found a shift toward category-based reasoning when participants were trained to classify category members prior to feature induction. Together, these results suggest that an appropriate conceptual representation must be formed through experience with a category before it is likely to be used as a basis for feature induction. 相似文献
13.
Recent research has examined how people predict unobserved features of an object when its category membership is ambiguous.
The debate has focused on whether predictions are based solely on information from the most likely category, or whether information
from other possible categories is also used. In the present experiment, we compared these category-based approaches with feature
conjunction reasoning, where predictions are based on a comparison among exemplars (rather than categories) that share features
with a target object. Reasoning strategies were assessed by examining patterns of feature prediction and by using an eye gaze
measure of attention during induction. The main findings were (1) the majority of participants used feature conjunction rather
than categorical strategies, (2) people predominantly gazed at the exemplars that were most similar to the target object,
and (3) although people gazed most at the most probable category to which an object could belong, they also attended to other
plausible category alternatives during induction. These findings question the extent to which category-based reasoning is
used for induction when category membership is uncertain. 相似文献
14.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(9):1786-1807
Previous research on category learning has found that classification tasks produce representations that are skewed toward diagnostic feature dimensions, whereas feature inference tasks lead to richer representations of within-category structure. Yet, prior studies often measure category knowledge through tasks that involve identifying only the typical features of a category. This neglects an important aspect of a category's internal structure: how typical and atypical features are distributed within a category. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that inference learning results in richer knowledge of internal category structure than classification learning. We introduced several new measures to probe learners' representations of within-category structure. Experiment 1 found that participants in the inference condition learned and used a wider range of feature dimensions than classification learners. Classification learners, however, were more sensitive to the presence of atypical features within categories. Experiment 2 provided converging evidence that classification learners were more likely to incorporate atypical features into their representations. Inference learners were less likely to encode atypical category features, even in a “partial inference” condition that focused learners' attention on the feature dimensions relevant to classification. Overall, these results are contrary to the hypothesis that inference learning produces superior knowledge of within-category structure. Although inference learning promoted representations that included a broad range of category-typical features, classification learning promoted greater sensitivity to the distribution of typical and atypical features within categories. 相似文献
15.
How many processes underlie category-based induction? Effects of conclusion specificity and cognitive ability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Feeney A 《Memory & cognition》2007,35(7):1830-1839
Two studies investigated participants' sensitivity to the amount and diversity of the evidence when reasoning inductively about categories. Both showed that participants are more sensitive to characteristics of the evidence for arguments with general rather than specific conclusions. Both showed an association between cognitive ability and sensitivity to these evidence characteristics, particularly when the conclusion category was general. These results suggest that a simple associative process may not be sufficient to capture somekey phenomena of category-based induction. They also support the claim that the need to generate a superordinate category is a complicating factor in category-based reasoning and that adults' tendency to generate such categories while reasoning has been overestimated. 相似文献
16.
Inference using categories 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Yamauchi T Markman AB 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2000,26(3):776-795
How do people use category membership and similarity for making inductive inferences? The authors addressed this question by examining the impact of category labels and category features on inference and classification tasks that were designed to be comparable. In the inference task, participants predicted the value of a missing feature of an item given its category label and other feature values. In the classification task, participants predicted the category label of an item given its feature values. The results from 4 experiments suggest that category membership influences inference even when similarity information contradicts the category label. This tendency was stronger when the category label conveyed class inclusion information than when the label reflected a feature of the category. These findings suggest that category membership affects inference beyond similarity and that category labels and category features are 2 different things. 相似文献
17.
The downside of categories 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Murphy GL 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2003,7(12):513-514
One of the primary uses of categories is to draw inferences about novel objects based on their category membership. In a recent study, Lagnado and Shanks show that people make different inferences about an object depending on whether they first categorize the object at a general or specific level. Indeed, their inference changes even though they have been given no information about the object. This finding reveals limitations of category-based induction. 相似文献
18.
两种学习模式下类别学习的结果:原型和样例 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
利用“学习-迁移”的任务范式和单一特征类别判断技术,探讨了分类和推理两种类别学习模式的结果,比较了两种学习模式的效果和策略。研究表明:两种学习模式产生了不同的结果,分类学习的结果是样例,推理学习的结果是原型;在学习效果方面,分类学习比推理学习在达标比例上更高,但在进度上差异不显著;在策略运用方面,分类学习比推理学习更快地使用单维度策略,而在高水平策略的运用上,两者差异不显著 相似文献
19.
Categories are learned and used in a variety of ways, but the research focus has been on classification learning. Recent work
contrasting classification with inference learning of categories found important later differences in category performance.
However, theoretical accounts differ on whether this is due to an inherent difference between the tasks or to the implementation
decisions. The inherent-difference explanation argues that inference learners focus on the internal structure of the categories—what
each category is like—while classification learners focus on diagnostic information to predict category membership. In two
experiments, using real-world categories and controlling for earlier methodological differences, inference learners learned
more about what each category was like than did classification learners, as evidenced by higher performance on a novel classification
test. These results suggest that there is an inherent difference between learning new categories by classifying an item versus
inferring a feature. 相似文献