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对北京市389名儿童入学准备的类型进行研究,探讨不同入学准备类型儿童的特点,并通过追踪数据考察儿童入学准备类型对其一学期后学校适应的影响。结果表明:(1)入学准备可以分为入学准备良好、身体健康和动作技能准备不足、身体健康和动作技能突出/其他领域准备不足和入学准备综合不足四种类型;(2)女生入学准备良好型的比例显著高于男生,而身体健康和动作技能准备不足型、入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于男生;(3)城区儿童入学准备良好型的比例显著高于郊区,而入学准备综合不足型的比例显著低于郊区;(4)入学准备良好型儿童的学校适应好于身体健康和动作技能准备不足型和入学准备综合不足型,入学准备综合不足型的学校适应最差。 相似文献
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以北京市某郊区310名儿童为研究对象,考察儿童的入学准备现状,并进一步探讨入学准备不足儿童的家庭危险和保护因素。结果发现:(1)儿童入学准备整体不足的比例为15.80%,各领域准备不足的比例依次为身体健康和动作技能(20.30%)、认知和一般知识(20.00%)、学习方式(19.70%)、情绪和社会性(17.70%)以及言语发展(13.90%)。(2)儿童(7岁)在入学准备整体和学习方式、言语发展领域的准备状况好于年龄较大儿童(≥7岁)。女生的身体健康和动作技能准备好于男生。(3)父母高学历、权威教养方式和户外互动是儿童入学准备不同领域的保护因素,专制和放任教养方式是其不同领域的危险因素。 相似文献
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入学准备是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件.入学准备研究对于存在潜在发展风险之儿童的早期识别和及时干预具有重要价值.为了了解中国儿童入学准备应包含哪些方面,对76名幼儿园大班教师和65名小学一年级教师进行了半结构式访谈,结果发现:(1)中国儿童的入学准备可以归纳为26个项目;(2)“社会性与情绪发展”和“学习方式”领域的入学准备和适应问题被教师提及的次数较多,“认知发展与一般知识”、“言语发展”领域被提及较少,“身体健康和运动发展”领域被提及最少;(3)幼儿园教师和小学一年级教师对于入学准备所涉内容的看法比较接近;(4)小学一年级教师认为自理能力、学习技能和同伴交往等方面是当前幼儿园教育的薄弱环节.最后,结合访谈结果及NEGP模型对中国儿童入学准备研究的未来方向提出了建议. 相似文献
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入学准备状态是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。本文从三个方面介绍了国外关于儿童入学准备状态研究的新进展:(1)儿童学校适应结果的早期预测因素和儿童入学准备状态的生态学模型;(2)入学准备状态评定工具的发展状况和效度评价; (3)国外针对入学准备状态不足儿童采用的干预措施及其效果评价。最后,对当前研究的不足和未来发展方向进行了讨论,并结合文化差异对开展中国儿童入学准备状态研究提出了建议。 相似文献
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为了给小学教师提供因材施教的依据,编制了儿童入学准备状态家长评定问卷。该问卷包含49个题目,分为发展风险、气质类型和自我调节三个分测验。其中发展风险分测验包括外化问题风险、内化问题风险和学习困难风险三个维度;气质类型分测验包括回避型和趋向型两个维度;自我调节分测验包括注意集中以及抑制性控制两个维度。对问卷心理测量学指标的分析表明,问卷具有较好的内部一致性信度和结构效度。追踪研究的结果表明,该问卷能够有效预测儿童入学后一个月的适应状况。 相似文献
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教师和家长关于儿童入学准备观念的调查研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究对218名家长和370名教师进行了问卷调查。从身体和运动发展、情绪和社会性发展、学习方式、言语发展、认知发展和一般知识基础、家庭6个维度,考察了家长和教师对儿童入学准备的看法,并比较了家长、幼儿教师和小学教师对儿童入学准备观念的差异。结果发现:(1)整体上看,家长、幼儿教师和小学教师最重视身体健康、注意力、教养方式、自信心、学习兴趣、会听课等方面的问题;(2)幼儿教师和小学教师有关儿童入学准备的观念比较接近,而小学教师相对重视服从权威、父母教育程度、文明礼貌、自我中心和表达能力等方面的问题;幼儿教师相对重视抗挫折能力、亲子关系、学习态度、自我控制、身体健康等方面的问题;(3)家长与教师的观念在整体上存在显著差异。 相似文献
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本研究的目的在于应用Rasch模型编制和分析数学入学准备测验,从而分析Rasch模型的有效性和优势。自编数学入学准备测试,对150名平均年龄为6.6岁的儿童进行测查,应用Rasch模型对题目和评分等级做出修正并分析结果。结果表明修正后的测试具有较好的信效度,较好地拟合了Rasch模型,评分等级设置合理,测试的整体难度相对较低。儿童的Rasch分数和性别无关,但受到年龄、家庭社会经济地位的影响。相对于经典测量理论而言,应用Rasch模型进行入学准备测试的编制和分析具有优势。 相似文献
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利用潜在剖面分析法和辨别分析法对744名幼儿园大班儿童入学准备的类型进行了分类,探讨了不同类型儿童入学准备的特点;不仅使用变量为中心范式考察了儿童入学准备与心理健康的关系,而且使用个体为中心范式分析了不同类型儿童心理健康状况的差异。研究结果表明:(1)儿童入学准备的性别差异不显著;随着家长学历的升高,儿童入学准备水平呈现增高的趋势;(2)儿童入学准备分为成熟型、普通型和滞后型3种。成熟型儿童的入学准备水平最高,滞后型儿童的入学准备水平最低,而普通型儿童的入学准备水平处于成熟型和滞后型之间;(3)儿童入学准备和自信心显著正相关,与焦虑显著负相关;不同入学准备类型儿童的自信心和焦虑均差异显著。 相似文献
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通过对51名5.5岁幼儿掌控动机的问卷评估、入学准备能力的情境测验以及气质的教师评定,考察了幼儿多领域掌控动机与入学准备各领域能力之间的关系及气质在两者关系中的调节作用。结果发现,对于专注倾向(高专注性-低活动性和情绪性)幼儿,物体掌控动机正向预测了精细动作技能和学习方式,大动作掌控动机正向预测了感觉运动技能;对于反应倾向(高反应性-低抑制性)幼儿,同伴社会掌控动机正向预测了精细动作技能;而对于抑制倾向(低反应性-高抑制性)幼儿,同伴社会掌控动机则负向预测了精细动作技能、感觉运动技能和学习方式。 相似文献
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Richard N. Roberts 《American journal of community psychology》1993,21(4):521-535
An early education program designed for an ethnic minority of Native Hawaiians implemented at the community rather than the individual child level of intervention is described. The program development effort is theory driven and provides an opportunity to investigate the application of neo-Vygotskian theory to an applied community educational problem. Though not specifically derived from the work of O'Donnell, Tharp, and Wilson (1993), the project reported here shares a common intellectual heritage. This paper demonstrates the parallels between the early education program developed for Hawaiian children and the applicability of the theory presented in the work of O'Donnell et al.
Portions of this research were supported by Grant #40212121 and Grant #MCJ495051 from the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and Resource Management, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services awarded to the Center of Development of Early Education, Kamehameha School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, and to the Early Intervention Research Institute, Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, respectively. 相似文献
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Julia L. Mendez Johanna L. Carpenter Doré R. LaForett Jeremy S. Cohen 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(1-2):1-14
This study examined parent characteristics and barriers to participation in a community-based preventive intervention with a sample of 201 parents from low-income and predominantly ethnic minority backgrounds. Person-centered analyses revealed five subgroups of parents who demonstrated variability in their parent characteristics, which included psychological resources and level of parental involvement in education. Group membership was associated with differences in school involvement and use of the psychoeducational intervention at home, after accounting for the number of barriers to engagement. For the intervention attendance variable, greater number of barriers was associated with decreased attendance only for parents in the resilient subgroup and the psychologically distressed subgroup. Attendance remained constant across levels of barriers for the other three subgroups of parents. The results of the study inform theory and practice regarding how to tailor preventive interventions to accommodate subgroups of parents within populations that experience barriers to accessing mental health services. 相似文献
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Ialongo NS Werthamer L Kellam SG Brown CH Wang S Lin Y 《American journal of community psychology》1999,27(5):599-641
We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions. 相似文献
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Kelly Weegar Camille Guérin‐Marion Sabrina Fréchette Elisa Romano 《Infant and child development》2018,27(1)
This study explored how physical punishment (PP) and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes. By using the Canada‐wide representative data, 5,513 children were followed over a 2‐year period. Caregivers reported on their use of PP and other parenting approaches (i.e., literacy and learning activities and other disciplinary practices) when children were 2–3 years old, whereas school readiness was measured at 4–5 years using interviewer‐administered tests of number competence and receptive vocabulary skills. Analyses controlled for PP use at 4–5 years, child externalizing behaviours, and various sociodemographics. Results indicated that PP does not directly predict school readiness; however, the effect of PP was moderated by other parenting approaches. Children's receptive vocabulary was weaker if caregivers used PP together with less frequent explaining/teaching regarding problem behaviour, or PP with less frequent engagement in literacy and learning activities. Children had weaker number competence when PP co‐occurred with more frequent psychological aggression (e.g., yelling/scolding). Results suggest that PP hinders children's school readiness when used alongside other parenting approaches, which reflects the reality of parenting (i.e., PP does not occur in isolation). Findings support early education efforts aimed at promoting early learning and literacy opportunities, as well as positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve PP.
Highlights
- We explored how physical punishment and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes using Canada‐wide data.
- Results provided little evidence of positive effects of physical punishment on school readiness across a range of parenting and disciplinary contexts.
- To promote school readiness, early education efforts should promote early learning opportunities and positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve physical punishment.

