显性度对隐喻加工的影响:事件相关电位研究

为探明意义显性度因素对隐喻与直义语言加工的影响,本研究采用修改后的S1－S2范式,使用ERP技术考察高、低不同显性度条件下隐喻与直义材料加工的差异。被试判断S1、S2词间的语义关联强度,记录S2词的事件相关电位。实验发现：低显性度比高显性度材料诱发更负的N400,在低显性度条件下隐喻比直义材料诱发了更负的N400;P600时间窗内低显性材料平均波幅更低,隐喻与直义平均波幅差异不显著。结果支持意义显性度假说,显性度因素影响隐喻加工,同时在隐喻加工的后期语义整合阶段,可能还有其他因素影响隐喻加工。     

身体动作与语义加工:具身隐喻的视角

概念隐喻理论认为个体建立基于身体经验的具体概念和抽象概念之间的隐喻联结是人类特有的认知方式。不管是具体概念还是抽象概念,只要有具身隐喻联结的概念,其语义的理解便会受到具身启动效应的影响。大脑在加工动词或者含动词的句子时,不仅激活了语言中枢和运动皮层,且大脑随着个体是否执行与语义相应的动作、抽象概念的熟悉程度和其文本背景是否符合等因素而激活不同的神经回路。本文将对以上研究进行梳理与分析,旨在从具身隐喻的视角为身体动作影响语义加工的神经机制模型提供初步的思路。     

左侧角回在词汇语义加工中的作用

大脑左侧角回是语言认知神经科学研究发现的一个重要语义加工脑区。该脑区在词汇语义加工中的具体功能还没有得到统一的认识,成为研究者广泛关注的热点和焦点问题。结构上,角回位于颞叶、枕叶和顶叶交接区,并且具有广泛的白质纤维束连接,这决定了它可能具有跨区域信息整合的功能。它在高水平语义表征、模态和特征信息联合表征、语义关系表征以及语义整合加工中参与激活,可能是语义表征和加工的信息“聚合区”。然而,左侧角回在语义表征枢纽、语义执行控制加工、默认模式网络的语义加工三方面还存在功能争论,未来研究需要综合考虑左侧角回的解剖结构基础及其与广泛脑区连接的特点,对角回子区域的功能进行深入细致地探讨。     

空间语言标记影响亲属关系的容器隐喻

通过3个实验,考察空间语言标记——"内/外"对汉语亲属词语义加工中亲属关系性质容器隐喻的影响。实验1同时呈现词和圆圈,发现语言标记影响亲属词语义加工中的亲属关系性质容器隐喻,有"外"标记的血亲词出现在圈外比出现在圈内反应更快,有"内"标记的姻亲词出现在圈内比出现在圈外错误率更低。实验2先呈现亲属词再呈现圆圈,发现语言标记影响亲属关系性质向容器概念的激活,有"外"标记的血亲词和有"内"标记的姻亲词在字母呈现在容器内外时的反应时差异与无"外"标记的血亲词和无"内"标记的姻亲词相反。实验3先呈现圆圈再呈现亲属词,发现有语言标记的亲属词在空间位置与语言标记一致时反应时更短、错误率更高,说明"内–外"意象图式对亲属词判断的影响主要源于语言标记。整个研究表明,与亲属关系性质容器隐喻不一致的空间语言标记干扰汉语亲属词的语义加工,空间语言标记的作用比亲属关系性质容器隐喻更强。在汉语亲属词的语义加工中存在着序列分解的加工方式,被试先加工首字,再加工整词。汉语亲属词的语义加工中包含着语义加工与具身经验激活的相互作用。     

义符熟悉性对高频形声字词汇通达的影响

采用启动词汇判断范式,考察义符熟悉性对高频汉字形声字认知的影响。结果表明,义符加工与整字加工存在动态的交互作用。在加工早期,高频汉字形声字的整字语义已经激活,但此时义符的语义并未激活。高熟悉性义符的词形启动比低熟悉性义符早。随着SOA增长,高、低熟悉性义符的语义都出现激活。到了加工晚期,汉字形声字整字的语义激活仍然显著,但义符的语义激活消失,表明字词认知的整合过程已经完成。这一结果支持汉字认知中整字加工和部件加工相结合的观点     

书法字体与汉字颜色在成语重要性加工中的作用

采用语义判断范式考察书法字体和汉字颜色在成语重要性加工中的作用,探查重要性隐喻及其性质。结果表明,魏碑字体激活视觉重感体验,影响对成语重要性的判断;汉字颜色亦影响成语重要性的加工,黄色通过意象图式起作用,红色通过生理唤醒起作用。整个研究表明,重要性概念是多通道整合表征。汉语母语者通过视觉从书法字体和汉字颜色中获得的具身经验和文化经验的激活影响成语的重要性加工,体现了强式具身认知观与弱式具身认知观的统一。     

不同语境中声调早期加工的作用及时间进程

作为一种声调语言,汉语词汇在语音构成上存在独特的特点。本研究利用汉语不同于非声调语言的特点,探讨已有研究中尚未澄清的问题,即汉语声调在早期自动加工和早期控制加工中对语义激活的作用,以及在不同认知阶段中汉语声调加工的神经机制。本研究拟采用ERP方法,结合LORETA源定位技术,通过Oddball范式考察以下内容在早期阶段,汉语声调加工的大脑激活模式,拓展以往基于非声调语言研究建立的口语加工理论的适用范围,为完善言语认知加工的理论模型提供新的实验证据。     

汉语口语韵律的作用及其神经机制

汉语是一种声调语言, 在口语韵律表达中存在独特的特点。本项目利用汉语不同于非声调语言的特点, 探讨已有研究中尚未澄清的问题, 即汉语声调在早期自动加工中对语义激活的作用, 以及在不同认知阶段中, 汉语声调和语调加工的神经机制。这些问题是当前的研究热点, 但仍存在着各种分歧和激烈的争论。本项目拟采用ERP方法, 结合LORETA源定位技术, 通过不同的实验范式考察以下内容：(1)在早期自动加工过程中, 汉语声调对词汇语义激活的作用; (2)在早期阶段, 汉语声调和语调加工的大脑激活模式; (3)在晚期阶段, 汉语声调和语调加工的大脑激活模式。对这些问题的考察将有助于澄清当前的激烈争论, 拓展以往基于非声调语言研究建立的口语加工理论的适用范围, 为完善言语认知加工的理论模型提供新的实验证据。     

汉语声调认知加工的脑机制及语言经验的影响

汉语母语者对汉语声调的认知加工可分为亚词汇和词汇两种加工水平。亚词汇水平涉及对汉语声调的声学和语音加工,当无需主动注意参与时,现有研究在左右半球优势上尚未取得明确结论;当需要主动注意参与时,优势主要表现为左侧化,涉及左侧的布洛卡区、前运动区、前部脑岛、顶叶、顶枕联合区以及双侧听皮层附近脑区,这与语言加工双通路模型(HickokPoeppel,2007)中的背侧通路有很大重合。词汇水平涉及对汉语声调的识别,由双侧半球参与,顶叶、颞叶等部分脑区左侧优势更加明显,同时涉及颞中回等语言加工腹侧通路的核心区域。此外,个体对汉语声调认知加工的脑机制会受到语言经验的影响。     

隔区或皮质顶叶损毁对大鼠空间认知能力的影响及大鼠搜索策略差异的研究

本研究的目的是探讨隔区或皮质顶叶在大鼠空间认知加工中的作用。实验观察到隔区或皮质顶叶损毁大鼠Morris迷宫学习或记忆作业成绩显著低于控制组,并发现隔区损毁大鼠主要采用与皮质顶叶或控制组不同的“非国类”搜索策略。搜索策略的差异提示:隔区和皮质顶叶在大鼠图认知加工系统中处于不同的功能层次,隔区具有更重要的作用。     

汉语隐喻理解时程的ERPs研究

摘 要 本研究使用ERPs技术考察隐喻句与本义句理解时程的异同,以研究汉语隐喻的理解机制。以句尾范式向被试随机呈现本义句、熟悉隐喻句、新奇隐喻句及错误义句各50句,被试的任务为判断每句话是否有意义。结果显示：两种隐喻句诱发的N400波形与头皮分布情况和本义句无明显差异,且两种隐喻句诱发的N400波幅高于本义句。本研究结果证明汉语隐喻义和本义理解的认知机制类似,支持隐喻理解的平行加工假说,且加工隐喻义需要耗费更多的认知资源。     

Conceptual integration and metaphor: an event-related potential study

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 18 normal adults as they read sentences that ended with words used literally, metaphorically, or in an intermediate literal mapping condition. In the latter condition, the literal sense of the word was used in a way that prompted readers to map conceptual structure from a different domain. ERPs measured from 300 to 500 msec after the onset of the sentence-final words differed as a function of metaphoricity: Literal endings elicited the smallest N400, metaphors the largest N400, whereas literal mappings elicited an N400 of intermediate amplitude. Metaphoric endings also elicited a larger posterior positivity than did either literal or literal mapping words. Consistent with conceptual blending theory, the results suggest that the demands of conceptual integration affect the difficulty of both literal and metaphorical language.     

ERP evidence for conceptual mappings and comparison processes during the comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors

Cognitive linguists suggest that understanding metaphors requires activation of conceptual mappings between the involved concepts. We tested whether mappings are indeed in use during metaphor comprehension, and what mapping means as a cognitive process with Event-Related Potentials. Participants read literal, conventional metaphorical, novel metaphorical, and anomalous target sentences preceded by primes with related or unrelated mappings. Experiment 1 used sentence-primes to activate related mappings, and Experiment 2 used simile-primes to induce comparison thinking. In the unprimed conditions of both experiments, metaphors elicited N400s more negative than the literals. In Experiment 1, related sentence-primes reduced the metaphor-literal N400 difference in conventional, but not in novel metaphors. In Experiment 2, related simile-primes reduced the metaphor-literal N400 difference in novel, but not clearly in conventional metaphors. We suggest that mapping as a process occurs in metaphors, and the ways in which it can be facilitated by comparison differ between conventional and novel metaphors.     

Deriving meaning: Distinct neural mechanisms for metaphoric, literal, and non-meaningful sentences

In this study, we used a novel cognitive paradigm and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates involved in processing three different types of sentences. Participants read either metaphoric (Some surgeons are butchers), literal (Some surgeons are fathers), or non-meaningful sentences (Some surgeons are shelves) and had to decide whether they made sense or not. We demonstrate that processing of the different sentence types relied on distinct neural mechanisms. Activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), BA 47, was shared by both non-meaningful and metaphoric sentences but not by literal sentences. Furthermore, activation of the left thalamus appeared to be specifically involved in deriving meaning from metaphoric sentences despite lack of reaction times differences between literals and metaphors. We assign this to the ad hoc concept construction and open-endedness of metaphoric interpretation. In contrast to previous studies, our results do not support the view the right hemispheric is specifically involved in metaphor comprehension.     

Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension in reading

Subjects read target sentences preceded by either short or long context that induced either a metaphoric or a literal target reading. As had been found by Ortony, Schallert, Reynolds, and Antos (1978), metaphoric targets were comprehended about as quickly as literals when context was long, but more slowly than literals when context was short. The latter result may have been due to the failure of computing a conceptual relationship between short context and metaphoric target; targets unrelated to prior context took as long to comprehend as metaphoric targets. Another experiment showed that metaphorically expressed targets were read more quickly when they followed metaphorically expressed context than when they followed literal context, but literal targets were read quickest when they followed literal context. These results are discussed within a schema framework and within a “process priming” hypothesis.     

Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily: evidence from N400

This study addresses a central question in perception of novel figurative language: whether it is interpreted intelligently and figuratively immediately, or only after a literal interpretation fails. Eighty sentence frames that could plausibly end with a literal, truly anomalous, or figurative word were created. After validation for meaningfulness and figurativeness, the 240 sentences were presented to 11 subjects for event related potential (ERP) recording. ERP's first 200 ms is believed to reflect the structuring of the input; the prominence of a dip at around 400 ms (N400) is said to relate inversely to how expected a word is. Results showed no difference between anomalous and metaphoric ERPs in the early window, metaphoric and literal ERPs converging 300-500 ms after the ending, and significant N400s only for anomalous endings. A follow-up study showed that the metaphoric endings were less frequent (in standardized word norms) than were the anomalous and literal endings and that there were significant differences in cloze probabilities (determined from 24 new subjects) among the three ending types: literal > metaphoric > anomalous. It is possible that the low frequency of the metaphoric element and lower cloze probability of the anomalous one contributed to the processes reflected in the early window, while the incongruity and near-zero cloze probability of the anomalous endings produced an N400 effect in them alone. The structure or parse derived for metaphor during the early window appears to yield a preliminary interpretation suggesting anomaly, while semantic analysis reflected in the later window renders a plausible figurative interpretation.     

Kill the Song—Steal the Show: What Does Distinguish Predicative Metaphors From Decomposable Idioms?

This study examined the semantic processing difference between decomposable idioms and novel predicative metaphors. It was hypothesized that idiom comprehension results from the retrieval of a figurative meaning stored in memory, that metaphor comprehension requires a sense creation process and that this process difference affects the processing time of idiomatic and metaphoric expressions. In the first experiment, participants read sentences containing decomposable idioms, predicative metaphors or control expressions and performed a lexical decision task on figurative targets presented 0, 350, and 500 ms, or 750 after reading. Results demonstrated that idiomatic expressions were processed sooner than metaphoric ones. In the second experiment, participants were asked to assess the meaningfulness of idiomatic, metaphoric and literal expressions after reading a verb prime that belongs to the target phrase (identity priming). The results showed that verb identity priming was stronger for idiomatic expressions than for metaphor ones, indicating different mental representations.     

The Time-Course of Metaphor Comprehension: An Event-Related Potential Study

ERPs were recorded while subjects were reading short familiar metaphors (e.g., Those fighters are lions), unfamiliar metaphors (Those apprentices are lions), or literal control sentences (Those animals are lions) presented in isolation or preceded by either an irrelevant or relevant context (e.g., They are not idiotic: . . . .” vs. “They are not cowardly: Those fighters are lions”). The terminal word of metaphors elicited larger N400 components than did the terminal word of literal sentences (Experiment 1) suggesting that the (incongruous) literal meaning of metaphors was indeed accessed at some point during comprehension. The analysis of the 600–1000 and 1000–1400 latency bands (Late Positive Components) revealed no significant difference between metaphors and literal sentences. The manipulation of metaphor difficulty (Experiments 2 and 3) also failed to reveal any late effect specifically linked to metaphorical processing. Finally, an effect of the preceding sentence context was found in Experiments 3 and 4, as early as 300 ms following the terminal word onset. Overall, these results support a context-dependent account of metaphor comprehension stating that when contextually relevant, the metaphorical meaning is the only one accessed.     

高功能孤独症者非字面语义理解缺陷：隐喻视角的ERP研究

研究采用事件相关电位技术从隐喻语义理解角度考察了高功能孤独症成人非字面语义理解中的行为特点及脑半球参与模式。行为结果显示：高功能孤独症成人对新异隐喻句的反应时最长,两类隐喻句的反应时均长于普通成人,但错误率上两组被试间无差异。脑电结果显示：高功能孤独症组对新异隐喻句的N400波幅最大,未出现半球偏侧化现象,传统隐喻句在左半球的N400波幅大于右半球,两类隐喻句的N400波幅均大于正常被试。结论：高功能孤独症成人具备隐喻理解能力,并对新异隐喻的理解做出更多努力,但右脑功能异常仍旧存在,左右半球在总体功能或神经联通性上仍旧弱于常人。