大学生的情绪向性、表达性与心理健康关系的研究

采用量表法以170名大学生为被试研究了情绪向性(分正、负向情感变量)、情绪表达性和心理健康的关系.差异检验表明:男性的负向情感多于女性,情感表达不如女性,在正向情感、快乐感上无显著性别差异;大一学生的快乐感多于大四学生,在正、负向情感、情绪表达性上无显著年级差异.(2)相关分析表明:快乐感、正向情感与多数心理症状因子呈显著负相关,负向情感与所有心理症状因子呈显著正相关;情绪表达性与人际敏感、敌对、抑郁、焦虑等因子呈显著负相关.(3)回归分析进一步表明:负向情感对强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执等因子均构成显著回归效应,情绪表达对人际敏感、敌对、抑郁、焦虑等因子构成回归效应.     

幸福感:认知与情感成分的不同影响因素

以304名城市成年人为被试,以生活满意度、对生活质量的评价为认知指标,以快乐感、正向情感、负向情感为情感指标,调查了其幸福感的现状及影响因素.结果发现:(1)城市成年人对生活质量的评价、生活满意度、快乐感等较高,即他们有较高的幸福感.(2)幸福感的认知和情感指标的影响因素是不尽相同的.总体上看,生活质量评价、生活满意度这两个幸福感的认知指标主要受年龄、收入、人际支持、亲密度四个因素的影响;而正向情感、负向情感和快乐感作为幸福感的情感指标,主要受人际支持、支持的利用度、亲密度和适应性四个因素影响.     

大学生网络社会支持与网络人际信任的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

从社会认知理论的视角来探讨网络社会支持和网络人际信任的关系,并在此基础上提出了一个有调节的中介模型,考察网络社交效能的中介作用以及自尊的调节作用.采用整群抽样法对432名大学生进行问卷调查,结果表明:(1)网龄对网络人际信任有显著的负向预测作用;网络社会支持对网络人际信任具有显著正向预测作用;(2)网络社交效能在网络社会支持与网络人际信任的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)网络社会支持通过网络社交效能对网络人际信任的间接效应受到自尊的调节.对高自尊个体而言,网络社交效能起部分中介作用;对低自尊个体而言,网络社交效能的中介效应不显著,网络社会支持对网络人际信任只有直接作用.     

服刑人员社会支持与人际信任的关系:人格特质P的调节作用

目的:探讨男性服刑人员人际信任与人格特质、社会支持的关系。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和人际信任量表(ITS)对188名男性服刑人员和155名对照人员进行调查。结果:男性服刑人员在ITS量表中对父母信任因子、SSRS量表中社会支持总分和主观支持因子、EPQ量表中精神质P和掩饰性L因子上得分均显著低于对照组;男性服刑人员人际信任与社会支持、人格特质P和N呈正相关,与人格特质E和L呈负相关,对照组人际信任与人格特质N和主观支持相关显著,与其他因子相关不显著;男性服刑人员的人格特质P对社会支持和人际信任的调节作用显著。结论:男性服刑人员对社会支持的主观感受少、对父母信任度低;男性服刑人员人格特质P能调节社会支持和人际信任间的关系,高精神质男性服刑人员社会支持对人际信任的正向预测作用更强。     

父母养育方式对大学生主观幸福感的影响机制

采用父母养育方式问卷、自尊量表、自我效能感量表、人际信任量表、领悟社会支持量表、整体情感与幸福指数量表对765名大学生施测,考察父母养育方式对大学生主观幸福感的影响及其机制.结果表明:(1)与父亲关爱相比,大学生感知到更多的母亲关爱;与女生相比,男生感知到更多的父母过度保护;(2)父、母养育方式与自尊、自我效能感、人际信任、社会支持感知、主观幸福感显著相关;(3)母亲关爱对自尊、自我效能感的影响显著大于父亲关爱的影响,而父、母养育方式对人际信任、社会支持感知、主观幸福感的影响没有显著差异;(4)与自我效能感、人际信任相比,自尊、社会支持感知是影响主观幸福感的主要因素;(5)自尊、社会支持感知是父、母养育方式影响主观幸福感的中介.     

大学生自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感的关系

为了探讨自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感之间的关系,186名大学生参加了问卷调查。对调查数据进行了多元线性回归分析和结构方程建模分析。结果表明,自我价值感的人际接纳权变性对积极情感产生负向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生负向的和正向的间接效应;自我价值感的道德原则权变性则对生活满意度和积极情感均产生正向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生正向的和负向的间接效应。     

黑暗人格特质与知识共享敌意的关系：员工关系和人际信任的链式中介作用

为了考察黑暗人格、员工关系、人际信任与知识共享敌意之间的关系,研究基于“特质-心理状态-行为”模型,采用问卷对307名企业员工进行调查研究。结果表明：（1）黑暗人格能显著负向预测情感性关系,显著正向预测工具性关系和知识共享敌意;（2）情感性关系显著正向预测人际信任,人际信任显著负向预测知识共享敌意;工具性关系显著正向预测知识共享敌意;（3）情感性关系和人际信任在黑暗人格与知识共享敌意之间起链式中介作用;工具性关系在黑暗人格与知识共享敌意之间起中介作用。     

人格、社会支持与老年人需要的关系

本研究采用老年人需要问卷、艾森克人格问卷和领悟社会支持量表对天津市270名社区低龄老年人的需要及其满足度进行了调查,并采用相关、回归和路径分析的方法,考察人格、社会支持与老年人心理需要满足度的关系。研究结果显示:多数老年人的经济、人际、亲情、保健、尊重、认知、价值等需要得到了较好的满足;来自家人、朋友及他人的社会支持对老年人各种需要的满足度均有显著的正向预测作用;外向性人格对老年人的需要满足度有显著的正向预测作用,其影响以直接作用为主;神经质人格对老年人的需要满足度有显著的负向预测作用,其影响以社会支持为中介。     

大学生自我价值感的领域权变性与应对方式

对124名大学本科生进行了问卷调查,结果表明:(1)总的来说,大学生的自我价值感更多地权变于道德原则,在应对方式的使用频度上依次是解决问题、求助、幻想、合理化、退避、自责。在人际接纳权变性以及解决问题和退避应对方式上存在显著的性别差异;(2)在控制了自我价值感的情况下,多元线性回归分析表明,人际接纳权变性能够负向预测解决问题,正向预测求助、自责、退避、幻想;而个人目标权变性能负向预测解决问题、求助,正向预测自责;道德原则权变性正向预测解决问题。     

家庭社会经济文化地位与青少年数字阅读素养的关系:阅读兴趣的中介作用和父母情感支持的调节作用CSSCI

本研究采用国际学生评价项目(PISA)12058名中国青少年测评公开数据,选取数字阅读素养、阅读兴趣、家庭社会经济文化地位和父母情感支持变量,探讨了家庭社会经济文化地位与青少年数字阅读素养的关系及作用机制。结果表明:家庭社会经济文化地位对青少年数字阅读素养具有显著正向预测作用,阅读兴趣发挥了部分中介作用;父母情感支持负向调节了阅读兴趣与数字阅读素养的关系,高父母情感支持对低阅读兴趣青少年的数字阅读素养起到了保护作用。     

Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: the case for emotional intensity

Affect intensity (AI) may reconcile 2 seemingly paradoxical findings: Women report more negative affect than men but equal happiness as men. AI describes people's varying response intensity to identical emotional stimuli. A college sample of 66 women and 34 men was assessed on both positive and negative affect using 4 measurement methods: self-report, peer report, daily report, and memory performance. A principal-components analysis revealed an affect balance component and an AI component. Multimeasure affect balance and AI scores were created, and t tests were computed that showed women to be as happy as and more intense than men. Gender accounted for less than 1% of the variance in happiness but over 13% in AI. Thus, depression findings of more negative affect in women do not conflict with well-being findings of equal happiness across gender. Generally, women's more intense positive emotions balance their higher negative affect.     

Lay Understanding of Happiness and the Experience of Well-Being: Are Some Conceptions of Happiness More Beneficial than Others?

The aim of the study was to understand aspects of life that men and women associate with happiness and to explore the connections between these associations and well-being (measured as positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction) in different periods of life. Participants were 785 people who were asked to list associations that came to mind on hearing the word ‘happiness’. The moderating roles of gender and period of life (adolescence/adulthood, transition/no transition) were analysed. Participants associated happiness mostly with health and relationships. Other categories included knowledge, work, material goods and freedom. Those who associated happiness with work had higher levels of positive affect. Associating happiness with relationships predicted greater life satisfaction, whereas associating it with material goods predicted lower satisfaction. Gender moderated the relationship between associations and positive affect: associating happiness with material goods decreased positive affect among men but no such effect was observed among women; associating happiness with relationships was beneficial for women but unbeneficial for men. Additionally, associations with material goods predicted lower positive affect, especially in times of transition. Associating happiness with knowledge decreased positive affect in adolescents and increased it in adults. Some ways of understanding happiness improved life satisfaction but none were related to negative affect. The relationship between concepts of happiness and positive affect is complex; some concepts are unbeneficial only for some people and during certain periods of life.     

内、外部情绪标注对情绪作用的ERPs研究

以往情绪标注的研究发现描述情绪面孔的情绪（外部情绪标注）可以降低被试的情绪。但是描述自己的情绪（内部情绪标注）结果如何尚存争议。研究采用了ERPs技术,以愉快和悲伤情绪面孔为实验材料,选择18名大学本科生为被试,比较了内部情绪标注、外部情绪标注及性别标注之间的差异。结果发现：外部情绪标注和性别标注相比,其LPP波幅均小于性别标注下LPP波幅,并且这种差异在Pz、CPz、Cz、FCz、Fz五个电极点均类似;而内部情绪标注和性别标注相比,其LPP波幅均小于性别标注下LPP波幅,但仅表现在Pz、CPz、Cz三个点上。这说明：无论内部情绪标注还是外部情绪标注,在命名后均能抑制情绪。研究结果支持阻断理论。     

Monitoring/Blunting and Social Support: Associations with Coping and Affect

The present study examined the associations of personal factors and social resources with coping and affective reactions to simulated stressful encounters. The study tested coping strategies and assessments of affect in the context of 'health' and 'work' threats described in 2 vignettes in a sample of 147 community residents. They also completed the Monitor-Blunter Style Scale (MBSS) and a perceived social support scale. The results showed positive associations between active coping and positive affect, and negative associations between avoidant coping and negative affect, replicating previous findings. Most interestingly, neither monitoring/blunting nor social support were directly related to either negative or positive affect, but were differentially related to coping strategies. Monitoring and social support were positively correlated with active coping and support-seeking in both vignettes, while blunting was related positively to avoidant coping, and social support was related negatively to this coping strategy. These results suggest that personal factors and social resources affect the use of coping strategies, rather than the affective reactions to threats, and contribute to our understanding of the stress and coping process.     

Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship

Structural equation modeling was used to test a model in which positive affect, negative affect, perceived stress, and social support were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between forgiveness and mental and physical health. Six hundred and twenty-three undergraduates completed a battery of self-report measures. Results of the analyses indicated that the forgiveness-health relation was mediated by positive affect, negative affect, stress, and the interrelationship between negative affect and stress. There was limited support for social support and the interrelationship between positive affect and social support as mediators. The results suggested that the relationship between forgiveness and health is mediated rather than direct. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

Age and gender differences in negative affect—Is there a role for emotion regulation?

Elderly people report less negative affect than the young, and women report more negative affect than men. This study investigated whether age and gender differences in negative affect could be explained by emotion regulation, measured as defensiveness and rumination, while controlling for the influence of life events. One-hundred-and-ninety-five young (20–35 years) and 302 elderly (70–85 years) men and women completed the Emotional Control Questionnaire-Rehearsal, Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Profile of Mood States, Beck’s Depression Inventory and List of Recent Experiences. Hierarchical regressions with negative affects as dependent variables showed that age was reduced to non-significance when controlling for defensiveness, and gender was reduced to non-significance when controlling for the interaction between age and gender, which in turn was reduced when entering rumination. Life events also influenced the association between age and negative affect. The results indicate that age differences in negative affect are mediated by defensiveness and life events and that when these two influences are accounted for elderly people score higher on sadness. Gender differences in negative affect were due to the young women’s higher scores on negative affect and this is partly explained by rumination.     

Wishes, Gender, Personality, and Well-Being

ABSTRACT Study participants (175 men, 230 women) made three wishes and completed measures of the five-factor model of personality, optimism, life satisfaction, and depression. Common wishes were for achievement, affiliation, intimacy, and power as well as for happiness and money. T tests showed women were more likely to wish for improved appearance, happiness, and health; men were more likely to make power wishes and wishes for sex. Among participants who were highly involved in the wishing process, Extra-version was related to making more interpersonal wishes and wishes for positive affect. Neuroticism was related to wishes for emotional stability. Agreeableness and Openness to Experience related to wishes reflective of these traits. Conscientiousness was related to low impulsivity. Depression was related to making highly idiosyncratic, specific wishes, suggesting the use of wishful thinking as a coping mechanism. In addition, happy participants were more likely to rate their wishes as likely to come true. Results indicate that the relatively commonplace process of wishing relates to traits, gender, and well-being.     

Understanding the relationship between obesity and positive and negative affect: the role of psychosocial mechanisms

We examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and positive and negative affect, and evaluated whether this relationship is mediated (or suppressed) by physical health, intrusiveness of weight on physical functioning, and distressing interpersonal interactions. Analyses were based on a national sample of more than 3,000 adults ages 25 to 74. Class II (BMI 35–39.9) and Class III (BMI ≥ 40) obesity were associated with more frequent negative affect and less frequent positive affect, even after demographic and socioeconomic status characteristics were controlled. After the purported pathway variables were controlled, however, obese I persons reported significantly more frequent positive affect, while overweight, obese I, and obese II persons reported significantly less frequent negative affect, compared to normal weight persons. These patterns did not differ significantly by race or gender. Our findings suggest that excessive body weight is not necessarily distressing, yet the physical and interpersonal strains associated with obesity may impair one's mood. We discuss the implications for policy and practice.