肿瘤干细胞与肿瘤治疗

肿瘤可看作是由功能异质性的细胞群体所组成的,具有不定增殖能力的异常器官.最近提出的肿瘤干细胞学说认为肿瘤起源于干细胞,肿瘤生长是肿瘤组织中极少量具有特殊细胞表面标志的肿瘤干细胞增殖的结果.因此治疗的关键应是针对肿瘤干细胞,通过靶向肿瘤干细胞及其异常调节的信号转导通路来治疗肿瘤.这对传统的治疗方式提出了巨大挑战,也为有效地根治肿瘤开辟了新的思路.     

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究的科学方法论

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究是肺癌与肿瘤干细胞学说交叉所形成的新研究领域,将根本改变临床肺癌防治的方式。反思从肿瘤干细胞学说的提出到肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究,树立自然辨证观念,用科学方法论指导肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究。     

试论魏斯曼种质论的假说方法

在近代遗传学史上,A.魏斯曼的种质论假说对建立现代遗传学(特别是细胞遗传学)是有杰出贡献的。T.H.摩尔根说:“种质独立和连续概念的建立,大部分归功于魏斯曼。当时,获得性(状)遗传理论把有关遗传的一切问题久已弄得漆黑一团。魏斯曼抨击拉马克学说,在澄     

肿瘤免疫编辑与免疫治疗

Schreiber等人于2002年提出肿瘤免疫编辑学说.肿瘤免疫编辑分为3个阶段:清除阶段、均衡阶段和逃逸阶段.肿瘤免疫编辑学说较全面的阐释了肿瘤与宿主免疫系统之间的复杂的相互作用.肿瘤免疫编辑学说对肿瘤免疫治疗具有一定的指导意义.依据肿瘤免疫治疗实践,提出了肿瘤免疫编辑和肿瘤免疫治疗的一些观点.     

从基因的非优分析肿瘤的发生和转归

从基因的非优分析肿瘤的发生和转归第三军医大学研究生（重庆６３００３８）张庆玲导师王志新基因是细胞生长分化调控的基本单位。肿瘤的发生转归归根于基因的改变,包括癌基因的激活,抑癌基因的失活和抗转移基因变化等。癌基因是细胞正常生长发育、信息传导的调控基因。...     

肿瘤基因治疗的哲学思考

一、癌基因与抑癌基因 肿瘤分子生物学的发展指出:癌症是一种基因病,是癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的失活发生发展的结果。在历史上对癌基因的认识先于抑癌基因,当癌基因被阐明后,马上有人想到既然在细胞基因组中有促使癌症发生的力量,那么可能也有     

非小细胞肺癌分子分型及检测的临床路径探讨

根据遗传改变的不同,已从非小细胞肺癌中细分出EGFR突变型、KRAS突变型、EML4-ALK融合型等分子亚型,并实施针对性分子靶向治疗.但是,非小细胞肺癌中这些遗传改变受多种因素的影响,对不同背景的病例采取最佳的分子分型检测路径,可提高分型筛选的效率.本文提出了两种依据患者背景的检测策略.     

外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤1例

原始神经外胚叶肿瘤是一种罕见的、起源于原始神经上皮的恶性小圆形细胞肿瘤,具有多方向分化能力,可发展为神经元性的、胶质细胞性的、甚至间叶组织性质的肿瘤.根据发病部位将其分为中枢型和外周型两种,中枢型多发于脑和脊髓,外周型多见于胸壁、四肢,发生于脊柱者少见.本文就外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤1例做病例报道,总结该类肿瘤的特点,肿瘤密度/信号不均匀,轻至中度强化,预后差,临床治疗手段主要为外科手术辅以放化疗,术前行增强CT对手术可切除性评估非常有价值.     

肿瘤转移相关信号通路的新思考

新近我们提出了一个新的构想 :癌细胞的生物学行为 ,可能是正常细胞尤其胚胎时期的细胞所具有的功能发生紊乱或过度活跃的结果。我们提出的假想是 :肿瘤转移可能依赖于某一重要信号通路 ,此信号通路可能属于诱导胚胎时期细胞迁移的正常通路。亦即胚胎时期细胞迁移相关信号转导通路的异常可能是癌转移的关键性信号通路。由于细胞运动迁移多由相邻组织诱导产生 ,因此该通路正常时可能为旁分泌机制。进一步的文献分析发现 ,ＨＧＦ/ＳＦ(ｈｅｐａｔｏｃｙｔｅｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒ/ｓｃａｔｔｅｒｆａｃｔｏｒ)是促进细胞迁移、扩散的重要因…     

从自然选择学说看肿瘤免疫

当今人类生存的环境发生了变化,肿瘤的发病率和病死率也越来越高,肿瘤细胞面对强大的免疫系统生存下来,说明肿瘤生存能力增强已经适应了其生存环境,这是环境对肿瘤细胞自然选择的结果。自然选择学说始终贯穿于肿瘤免疫学的免疫监视理论和免疫编辑学说之中,从自然选择的角度看肿瘤免疫学,将为肿瘤治疗策略开创一条新路。     

The ties that bind what is known to the recall of what is new

Cued recall success varies with what people know and with what they do during an episode. This paper focuses on prior knowledge and disentangles the relative effects of 10 features of words and their relationships on cued recall. Results are reported for correlational and multiple regression analyses of data obtained from free association norms and from 29 experiments. The 10 features were only weakly correlated with each other in the norms and, with notable exceptions, in the experiments. The regression analysis indicated that forward cue-to-target strength explained the most variance, followed by backward target-to-cue strength. Target connectivity and set size explained the next most variance, along with mediated cue-to-target strength. Finally, frequency, concreteness, shared associate strength, and cue set size also contributed significantly to recall. Taken together, indices of prior word knowledge explain 49% of the recall variance. Theoretically driven equations that use free association to predict cued recall were also evaluated. Each equation was designed to condense multiple indices of word interconnectivity into a single predictor.     

The ties that bind what is known to the recognition of what is new

Recognition success varies with how information is encoded (e.g., level of processing) and with what is already known as a result of past learning (e.g., word frequency). This article presents the results of experiments showing that preexisting connections involving the associates of studied words facilitate their recognition regardless of whether the words are intentionally encoded or are incidentally encoded under semantic or nonsemantic conditions. Words are more likely to be recognized when they have either more resonant connections coming back to them from their associates or more connections among their associates. Such results occur even though attention is never drawn to these associates. Regression analyses showed that these connections affect recognition independently of frequency, so the present results add to the literature showing that prior lexical knowledge contributes to episodic recognition. In addition, equations that use free-association data to derive composite strength indices of resonance and connectivity were evaluated. Implications for theories of recognition are discussed.     

Seeing what is not seen

This paper connects ideas from twentieth century Gestalt psychology, experiments in vision science, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception. I propose that when we engage in simple sensorimotor tasks whose successful completion is open, our behavior may be motivated by practical perceptual awareness alone, responding to invariant features of the perceptual field that are invisible to other forms of perceptual awareness. On this view, we see more than we think we see, as evidenced by our skillful bodily behavior.     

Doing what is humanly possible

The subtle docetism which pervades orthodox discussions of the person and work of Christ can serve to vitiate the hope contained in the New Testament message. A reprise of the themes underlying the Christological controversies and modern discussions of the humanity of Christ demonstrates these contain clear implications for the practice of pastoral counseling.     

行义的人都为主所悦纳

基督不是以色列人私有的财产,更不是西方教会的“专利品”,基督来为要拯救全世界那些愿意真诚悔改的人——以色列人是亚伯拉罕的后裔,是神从列邦中所拣选出来的,他们是“独居的民,不列在万民中”(民23:9),圣经因此称他们为“选民”(太24:22),“那儿子的名分、荣耀、诸约、律法、礼仪、应许都是他们的”,“按肉体说,基督也是从他们出来的”(罗9:4,5)。然而,因为他们弃绝了神的儿子耶稣,不承认他是基督,并且将神的儿子耶稣基督钉死在十字架上,“救恩便临到外邦人”(罗11: 11),“惟有本国的子民,竟被赶到外边黑暗里去,在那里必要哀哭切齿了”(太8:12)。以色列人迫切盼望基督来,甚至“百姓指望基督来的时候,人都心里猜疑,或者约翰是基督”(路3:15)。既然