Patterns of Adolescent Depression to Age 20: The Role of Maternal Depression and Youth Interpersonal Dysfunction |
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Authors: | Constance Hammen Patricia A Brennan Danielle Keenan-Miller |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, P.O. Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA;(2) Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;(3) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | Considerable research has focused on youth depression, but further information is needed to characterize different patterns
of onset and recurrence during adolescence. Four outcome groups by age 20 were defined (early onset-recurrent, early-onset-desisting,
later-onset, never depressed) and compared on three variables predictive of youth depression: gender, maternal depression,
and interpersonal functioning. Further, it was hypothesized that the association between maternal depression and youth depression
between 15 and 20 is mediated by early-onset depression and interpersonal dysfunction by age 15. Eight hundred sixteen community
youth selected for depression risk by history (or absence) of maternal depression were interviewed at age 15, and 699 were
included in the 5-year follow-up. Controlling for gender, early onset and interpersonal dysfunction mediated the link between
maternal depression and late adolescent major depression. Different patterns for males and females were observed. For males
maternal depression’s effect was mediated by early onset but not interpersonal difficulties, while for females maternal depression’s
effect was mediated by interpersonal difficulties but not early onset. Maternal depression did not predict first onset of
major depression after age 15. The results suggest the need for targeting the impact of maternal depression’s gender-specific
effects on early youth outcomes, and also highlight the different patterns of major depression in youth and their likely implications
for future course of depression.
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Keywords: | Adolescent depression Maternal depression Recurrent depression Interpersonal dysfunction Gender |
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