Oculomotor tonus and visual adaptation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Central Clinical Laboratory, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan;2. Department of Cardiology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan;3. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;1. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;2. University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;3. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati; Comprehensive Stroke Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;4. Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;1. University of shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China;2. The Third Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Shanghai, 200031, China;3. Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, China;1. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan;2. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;1. Department of Ophthalmology, King''s College London, St Thomas'' Hospital Campus, London, UK;2. Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK;3. Centre for Child and Academic Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK;4. Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK;5. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King''s College London, St Thomas'' Hospital Campus, London, UK;6. West Kent Eye Centre, Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, Kent, UK;7. Life Course, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK;8. Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK;9. Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;10. Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust/NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK;11. Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK;12. Great Ormond Street Hospital/Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK |
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| Abstract: | The contribution of oculomotor efference to visual perception and performance can be clarified by considering the functions of tonus. Accommodation and vergence typically ‘relax’ at an intermediate distance, reflecting tonic innervation of the ciliary and extraocular muscles, which varies widely among individuals who have normal vision. In many situations, especially when stimulation is degraded, fixation and focusing responses are biased toward the individual's resting state. Moreover, unusual circumstances, such as alteration of the relation of eye position and distance or prolonged exposure to near work, induce adaptive modification of the resting posture. These normal variations of oculomotor toms affect the accuracy and the effort required to fixate objects, and they may help explain problems of space perception and visual fatigue. |
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