社会层级的内隐刻板印象：权力与地位的不同作用

采用探测词再认范式，考察社会层级的内隐刻板印象。结果发现，在能力推理上，无论地位高低，个体对高权力推理为积极的反应时显著长于消极，对低权力推理为消极的反应时显著长于积极；在热情推理上，无论权力高低，个体对高地位推理为积极的反应时显著长于消极，对低地位推理为消极的反应时显著长于积极。这表明，权力和地位在热情和能力维度的刻板印象中起着不同的作用，其中权力正向预测能力，地位正向预测热情。

Implicit Stereotype of Social Hierarchy:Roles of Power and Status

As the psychological representation of social groups,previous studies on stereotypes mainly divided social groups with race,gender,and age.With the rapid development of the economy,the gap between the rich and the poor is particularly prominent,the social hierarchy has become an important clue of group classification,and its implicit stereotype has a significant impact on interpersonal communication.However,most previous studies have examined the stereotypes of social hierarchy from a single dimension of power or status,and it is difficult to explain the difference between power and status in stereotypes.Therefore,the current study aims to explore the implicit stereotypes of power and status,and to clarify the complex role of power and status in the judgment of warmth and competence.Using the probe recognition paradigm,behavioral sentences that implied a trait were presented first,followed by trait words,and participants were asked to judge whether trait words had ever appeared in behavioral sentences.It was easy for the subjects to deduce the corresponding trait spontaneously when they saw the behavior sentences.When the detection words were consistent with the trait of the subjects’inferring,the concept of spontaneous activation of the trait interfered with the recognition,requiring a longer reaction time.Besides,since stereotypes promote spontaneous trait inference,and vice versa,this study compared the response time differences between values under the same actor condition.The longer the response time,the more likely the trait was consistent with the stereotype of status.Experiment 1 manipulated targets in occupations that differed in power and status,which was designed with a 2(power:high,low)×2(status:high,low)×2(value:positive,negative)within-subject study.Experiment 2 manipulated the power and status of fictional characters and conducted a mixed design study at the same time.The dependent variable was the response times(RTs)of the trait words of warmth and competence respectively.For the repeated measure ANOVA of the RTs for the traits of competence or warmth,the results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed as follows.On the stereotype of competence,regardless of status,the RTs to positive traits was significantly longer than negative traits,when individual faced to high-power groups.For the trait inference of warmth,regardless of power,the RTs to positive traits was significantly longer than negative traits,when individual faced to high-status groups.In summary,the present study demonstrated that power and status played different roles in the stereotypes of warmth and competence dimensions,in which power positively predicted competence and status positively predicted warmth.This study proposed a social hierarchy implicit stereotype content model,highlighting the separation of power and status at the implicit level in the stereotype of competence and warmth.Understanding implicit stereotypes would help an actor to establish or change others’impression on him,namely,impression management,which was also an effective strategy to obtain social recognition or maintain social identity.