孤独症谱系障碍者基于运动线索的生命知觉

生命知觉是人们将客体自动加工为可以相互作用的生命体的认知过程。ASD者基于运动线索的生命知觉的研究方法包括追逐检测范式、运动特性参数化范式和因果知觉范例。其生命知觉的异常主要表现为运动信息整合能力不足、社会因果知觉缺陷以及对高复杂度运动的神经追踪较弱。相关理论假设从神经病理、认知加工及脑结构和功能障碍层面进行解释。未来应提升研究方法的生态效度，推进追踪与系统化研究，促进相关干预方案的开发。

Animacy perception based on motion cues in autism spectrum disorders

The automatic and effortless percept of shapes as interacting in social relationships is termed animacy perception and the interpretation of entities as intentional agents represents a constitutive component of the ability to spontaneously grasp social meanings.The perception of animacy is a basic and fundamental social ability underlying other social cognition and provides the starting point for more complex social abilities. However, children with autism have profound deficits in social cognitive function and may fail to see social motion in the same way that typically developing children do. In this review, we firstly present three experimental paradigms for the research of animacy perception based on motion cues of the individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Chase detection paradigm is a psychophysical method, which regards chasing as a representation of animacy, and then makes quantitative analysis on the relationship between motor stimulation and perception of animacy. Parameterized paradigm of motion characteristics explores the motion characteristics related to perception of animacy and adjusts animacy perception of individuals with ASD in a parameterized way by tightly controlling the motion parameters of animated displays and requiring participants to evaluate each displays’ animacy. The Causal perception paradigm mainly explores the animacy perception of individuals with ASD by using the stimulus that triggers perception of social causal . There are three abnormalities in the animacy perception based on motion cues of the individuals with ASD. First is the insufficiency of motor information integration, which makes it difficult for ASD to process multiple motion cues at the same time. This results in the individuals with ASD’s performing differently on chase detection tests. The second is the deficiency of social causality perception. When an individual attributes the movement of an object to internal factors such as its inner strength and intentionality, it will produce the perception that the object is alive. Therefore, the individuals of ASD's social causal perception is defective, the normal development of their animacy perception will be greatly affected. The third is the weak neural tracking of high motion complexity. Some studies have shown that objects with high motion complexity are more likely to be alive. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that in HFA relative to controls, there was a diminished neural tracking of increasing animacy ratings in the insula, STG, amygdala, dmPFC, and PCC, indicating less robust and homogenous subjective experiences upon different rating outcomes in HFA. Relevant theories have explained the causes of these abnormalities from the aspects of neuropathology, cognitive processing, and structure and dysfunction of brain. According to the social-orienting model, the lack of attention and understanding of social stimulation in the individuals of ASD will disrupt the development of synaptic connections established in early life, thereby affecting their development of social cognition and social behavior. According to the enactive mind hypothesis, the individuals of ASD can collect motion information that contains animacy, but cannot learn the social significance represented by such information and translate it into social adaptive behaviors. Amygdala theory of autism's main idea is that dysfunction in this particular brain region underlies the main social interaction disorder observed by the individuals of ASD, and has a significant impact on their perception of animacy. In the future, we should enhance the ecological validity of methods, promote developmental and systematic research, and promote the development of relevant intervention programs.