Effects of mode distinction,user visibility,and vehicle appearance on mode confusion when interacting with highly automated vehicles |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Traffic and Engineering Psychology, Gaußstraße 23, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;2. German Insurers Accident Research Unit, Wilhelmstraße 43/43G, 10117 Berlin, Germany;1. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Traffic and Engineering Psychology, Gaußstraße 23, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;2. German Insurers Accident Research, Wilhelmstraße 43/43G, 10117 Berlin, Germany;1. University of Freiburg, Department of Psychology, Engelbertstraße 41, 79085 Freiburg, Germany;2. Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Porschestr. 911, 71287 Weissach, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Automated vehicles are expected to communicate with pedestrians at least during the introductory phase, for example, via LED strips, displays, or loudspeakers. While these are added to minimize confusion and increase trust, the human passenger within the vehicle could perform motions that a pedestrian could misinterpret as opposing the vehicle’s communication. To evaluate potential solutions to this problem, we conducted an online video-based within-subjects experiment (N = 59). The solutions under evaluation were mode distinction, vehicle appearance, and the visibility of the passenger via a tintable windshield. Our results show that especially the mode distinction and the conspicuous sensor attached to the automated vehicle showed positive effects. A tintable windshield, however, was negatively assessed. Thus, our work helps to design eHMI concepts to introduce automated vehicles safely by informing about feasible methods to avoid mode confusion. |
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| Keywords: | External communication automated vehicles mode confusion |
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