Expertise and injury experience in professional skiers modulate the ability to predict the outcome of observed ski-related actions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. MANIBUS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy;2. Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy;3. NIT, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy;1. Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, EA 6312, Toulon, France;2. Université Côte d''Azur, LAMHESS, EA 6312, Nice, France;3. Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, L-Vis, EA 7428, Lyon, France;4. Université de Caen, CIRNEF, EA 965, Caen, France;1. West Virginia University, College of Physical Activity & Sport Sciences, 375 Birch St., P.O. Box 6116, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA;2. The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C, 20052, USA;1. Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;3. Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy;1. Institute of Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria;2. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, United Kingdom;1. School of Education, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China;2. School of Wushu, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China |
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| Abstract: | Professional athletes, compared to beginners, can better predict the outcome of sport-related observed movements, via mirror motor-system modulations (motor resonance). Furthermore, motor-system inhibition occurs when observing other people experiencing pain (pain resonance). Here we investigated whether observing sport-related actions, whose outcome can lead or not to a painful experience, results into different prediction performances depending on expertise and history of injury. Experiment 1 revealed that professional skiers, relative to beginners, show greater prediction accuracy but slower reaction times. Experiment 2 revealed that, among professional skiers, those previously injured, compared to uninjured ones, are slower in predicting the outcome of the observed action when it actually leads to an injury. We hypothesize that such results could be explained by an automatic activation of both motor and pain resonance mechanisms in the onlooker, inducing a sort of experience-dependant freezing response while observing actions likely leading to an injury. |
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| Keywords: | Motor resonance Action observation Pain resonance Professional skiers Injury Freezing |
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