Feedback frequency of graphical countdown timers affects pedestrian estimated waiting time at red lights |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China;2. Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Japan;3. Shanghai Xugong Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, China;1. Institute of Psychology, Section Experimental Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Wallstrasse 3, 55122 Mainz, Germany;2. German Insurers Accident Research (UDV), Wilhelmstr, 43 /43 G, 10117 Berlin, Germany;1. Cognition, Languages, Language and Ergonomics (CLLE) Laboratory, University of Toulouse - Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France;2. Toulouse Computer Science Research Institute (IRIT), Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France;1. The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China;2. College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Highway, Shanghai 201804, China;3. Shenzhen Transportation Design & Research Institute CO., LTD, Shenzhen 518003, China;4. School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia;2. Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Graphical countdown timers (similar to a progress bar) have the potential to shorten pedestrians’ perceived waiting time at the red light. Based on the findings from human-computer interaction (HCI) and time estimation theories, the potential may be affected by feedback frequency. This study tested how the feedback frequency of countdown progress bar in traffic light influenced time estimation in a field experiment, and further explored its mechanism in a laboratory experiment. In both experiments, participants estimated various durations (30 s, 45 s, 60 s) under three levels of feedback frequency: low (0.5 Hz), medium (1 Hz), and high (2 Hz). The results showed that although waiting time was underestimated in all conditions, lower feedback frequency led to shorter estimated duration, with slight changes in different contexts. In the traffic context, the effect of feedback frequency was comparable across different countdown duration, but it became stronger at longer countdown duration in the non-traffic context. Overall, the effect of feedback frequency was accompanied by changes in neither arousal level (measured by the subjective scale and physiological indices) nor internal clock speed, which are two critical determinants of time perception. The findings have practical implications on the display design of red light and theoretical implications on time estimation processes. |
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| Keywords: | Pedestrian safety Red light Graphical countdown timer Time estimation Feedback frequency |
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