A psychological intervention reduces doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes: A cluster randomized controlled trial |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Birmingham, UK;2. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Canterbury Christ Church University, UK;4. California State University, Fresno, USA;5. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;1. Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions – Performance, MIP, UR 4334, F-44000, Nantes, France;1. Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Largo L. De Bosis, 15-00135 Roma, Italy;2. Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Heart of the Campus Building, Collegiate Crescent Collegiate Campus, Sheffield S10 2BR, United Kingdom;3. Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza-University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78-00185 Rome, Italy;4. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, University Campus at Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;5. Sport and Exercise Psychology, University Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;1. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, 5020 Bergen, Norway;2. Department of Testing, Investigation and Legal, Anti-Doping Norway, Sognsveien 75F, 0855 Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Prevention and Public Health, Anti-Doping Norway, Sognsveien 75F, 0855 Oslo, Norway;4. Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway;5. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806 Oslo, Norway;1. University of Birmingham, UK;2. University of Thessaly, Greece;3. University of Copenhagen, Denmark;1. School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK;2. School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundCurrent attempts to prevent doping through deterrence and education have had limited success and have been constrained to one country. Targeting psychological variables that have been empirically associated with doping likelihood, intention, or behaviour may help in developing interventions that are effective in preventing doping in sport.ObjectivesGuided by social cognitive theory and empirical research, the main purpose of this research was to develop an anti-doping intervention that targets three psychological variables (i.e., anticipated guilt, moral disengagement, and self-regulatory efficacy) and determine whether it is more effective than an educational intervention in reducing doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes.MethodEligible participants were identified via a screening survey administered to 934 athletes in the United Kingdom and Greece. A total of 19 sport clubs (208 athletes) across the two countries were randomly assigned to either the psychological or the educational intervention. Each intervention consisted of six 1-h sessions delivered to small groups of athletes over 6–8 weeks. Athletes completed measures of doping likelihood, anticipated guilt, moral disengagement, and self-regulatory efficacy pre and postintervention and at a 2-month follow-up.ResultsA multilevel piecewise growth model was used to examine changes in study outcomes. Analysis showed that the psychological intervention was more effective than the educational intervention in reducing doping likelihood from pre to post, but the effects of the two interventions were similar at follow-up. These effects were not affected by country. Both interventions reduced moral disengagement from pre to post, and these effects were maintained at follow-up. The psychological intervention was also more effective than the educational intervention in increasing anticipated guilt from pre to follow-up.ConclusionsTargeting psychological variables in anti-doping interventions should aid our efforts to prevent doping in sport. |
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| Keywords: | Anticipated guilt Moral disengagement Self-regulatory efficacy Social cognitive theory |
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