Approaching intersections: Gaze behavior of drivers depending on traffic,intersection type,driving maneuver,and secondary task involvement |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Traffic Sciences, Friedrich List, Chair of Traffic and Transport Psychology, Germany;2. Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Traffic Sciences Friedrich List, Dresden Institute of Automobile Engineering, Germany;1. School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia;2. Metro Trains Melbourne, Australia;1. Academy of Professional Studies Sumadija, Department in Kragujevac, Kosovska 8, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;2. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 305, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;3. P.E. GSP Belgrade, Knjeginje Ljubice 29, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;4. University of Montenegro, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Blv. Dzordza Vasingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;1. Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany;2. BMW Group, Knorrstr. 147, 80937 Munich, Germany;1. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;2. Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;3. Safety Science Innovation Lab, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia;1. School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1400 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 1C7, Canada;2. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1400 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 1C7, Canada;3. Centre on Aging, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, 338 Isbister Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada;1. Regional Industrial Management Research Institute, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Industrial Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea;3. Automated Driving System R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Urban intersections are hotspots for crashes because they provide a location for several traffic streams and types of road users to cross. A main cause of crashes is the misinformation of drivers as they fail to sense relevant visual information. We aimed to analyze the gaze behavior of car drivers in a variety of intersection scenarios, bringing together the partial findings of previous research, and examine the interdependencies of the contributing factors to provide a database for driver modeling. In a driving simulator study with 59 participants, we varied intersection scenarios regarding drivers’ right of way (yield sign, green traffic light), intersection type (T junction, X intersection), surrounding traffic (none, irrelevant, relevant), and intended driving maneuver (left turn, right turn, going straight). A total of 25 intersection scenarios were presented in a within-subjects design to a control group and a group with a cognitive load task (counting back in numbers of two). Fixations were coded regarding defined areas of interest in the field of view and separated according to three segments of the intersection approach: 75–50 m, 50–25 m, and 25–0 m before entering the intersection. The results show that the effect of surrounding traffic, secondary task engagement, and the intended driving maneuver changed dramatically depending on the right of way of the driver. Surrounding traffic primarily affected gaze behavior in scenarios of ceding the right of way close to the intersection entry. The cognitive load task increased fixations on the road center especially in situations where the driver had the right of way, but less in situations of ceding the right of way. Interactions with the type of intersection were only apparent for different driving maneuvers. This study provides a detailed and comprehensive picture of drivers’ attentional processes when approaching intersections which is relevant for understanding and modeling of driver behavior in urban traffic. |
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| Keywords: | Junction Gaze Cross traffic Attention allocation |
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