Identifying the determinants and understanding their effect on the perception of safety,security, and comfort by pedestrians and cyclists: A systematic review |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;2. INESC TEC – Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência, Porto, Portugal;3. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;1. School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia;2. Metro Trains Melbourne, Australia;1. Department of Education & Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Spain;2. PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;3. La Inmaculada Teacher Training Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;4. Department of Physical and Sports Education, PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain;5. Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Spain;6. SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain;7. Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain;8. Faculty of Education, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain;1. Department of Traffic Psychology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;2. Jiangsu Shipping College, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;3. Jiangsu Vocational College of Business, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;4. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;5. School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;1. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;2. Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;3. Safety Science Innovation Lab, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia;1. Open Road Simulation Ltd, Nottingham, UK;2. Transport Scotland, Buchanan House, 58 Port Dundas Road, Glasgow, Scotland;3. Bear Scotland Ltd, BEAR House, Inveralmond Road, Perth, Scotland;1. Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany;2. BMW Group, Knorrstr. 147, 80937 Munich, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The continuous growth of the world population and its agglomeration in urban cities, demand an increasing need for mobility, which in turn contributes to the worsening of traffic congestion and pollution in cities. Therefore, it is necessary to promote active travel, such as walking and cycling. However, this is not an easy task, as pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable link in the system, and low levels of safety, security and comfort can contribute to choosing private cars over active travel. Hence, it is essential to understand the determinants that affect the perceptions of pedestrians and cyclists, in order to support the definition of policies that promote the use of active modes of transport. Thus, this article fills an important gap in the literature by identifying and discussing the objective and subjective determinants that affect the perceptions of safety, security and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists, through a systematic review of the literature published in the last ten years. It followed the PRISMA statement guidelines and checklist, resulting in 68 relevant articles that were carefully analyzed. The results show that the perception of safety is negatively affected by fear of traffic-related injuries, fear of falling related to infrastructure and infrastructure maintenance, and negative behavior of drivers. Regarding security, crime was the major concern of pedestrians and cyclists, either with emphasis on the person or on personal property. With regard to comfort, high levels of air and noise pollution, lack of vegetation, bad weather conditions, slopes and long commuting distances negatively affected the users' perception. The results also suggest that poor lighting affects all domains, providing a negative perception of safety, security and comfort. Similarly, the presence of people is seen as negatively influencing the perception of safety and comfort, while the absence of people negatively impacts the perception of security. Therefore, the findings achieved by this study are key to assist in the definition of transport policies and infrastructure creation in large smart cities. Additionally, new transport policies are proposed and discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Active travel Walking Cycling Policies |
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