Tai Chi exercise training enhances executive function and fluid intelligence of healthy older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Education, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China;2. School of Wushu, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China;1. Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom;2. Department of Science, Innovation, Technology, and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;3. School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;1. Institute of Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria;2. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, United Kingdom;1. German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany;2. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA;1. Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, EA 6312, Toulon, France;2. Université Côte d''Azur, LAMHESS, EA 6312, Nice, France;3. Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, L-Vis, EA 7428, Lyon, France;4. Université de Caen, CIRNEF, EA 965, Caen, France;1. West Virginia University, College of Physical Activity & Sport Sciences, 375 Birch St., P.O. Box 6116, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA;2. The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C, 20052, USA |
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| Abstract: | Executive function and fluid intelligence are two of the crucial frontal lobe functions susceptible to aging. Tai Chi as a mind-body exercise has been proposed for preventing cognitive aging. However, whether Tai Chi has similar effects on multiple components of executive functions in older adults remains underspecified. Moreover, it is not currently known whether Tai Chi exercise training improvements in lower-order executive functions are able to explain improvements in higher-order fluid intelligence. Study 1 included a cross-sectional design based on a large sample of healthy older adults (55–79 years old). Modeling results showed that experience of Tai Chi training exerted significantly positive effects on fluid intelligence, inhibition and updating after controlling for age and education. Both inhibition and updating mediated effects of Tai Chi on fluid intelligence. Study 2 carried out a 12-month Tai Chi training intervention on a novice group and an experienced group of older adults. Results indicated that only the novices exhibited significant improvements in inhibition and fluid intelligence. In addition, improvements in fluid intelligence were no longer significant after controlling for improvements in inhibition. These results shed lights on the mechanism by which mind-body training enhances intelligence. |
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| Keywords: | Fluid intelligence Executive function Mind-body training Inhibition |
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