Emotional expression and heart rate in high-risk infants during the face-to-face/still-face |
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Authors: | Whitney I Mattson Naomi V Ekas Brittany Lambert Ed Tronick Barry M Lester Daniel S Messinger |
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Institution: | 1. University of Miami, United States;2. Texas Christian University, United States;3. University of Massachusetts, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children''s Hospital, United States;4. Brown University, United States |
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Abstract: | In infants, eye constriction—the Duchenne marker—and mouth opening appear to index the intensity of both positive and negative facial expressions. We combined eye constriction and mouth opening that co-occurred with smiles and cry-faces (respectively, the prototypic expressions of infant joy and distress) to measure emotional expression intensity. Expression intensity and heart rate were measured throughout the face-to-face/still-face (FFSF) in a sample of infants with prenatal cocaine exposure who were at risk for developmental difficulties. Smiles declined and cry-faces increased in the still-face episode, but the distribution of eye constriction and mouth opening in smiles and cry-faces did not differ across episodes of the FFSF. As time elapsed in the still face episode potential indices of intensity increased, cry-faces were more likely to be accompanied by eye constriction and mouth opening. During cry-faces there were also moderately stable individual differences in the quantity of eye constriction and mouth opening. Infant heart rate was higher during cry-faces and lower during smiles, but did not vary with intensity of expression or by episode. In sum, infants express more intense negative affect as the still-face progresses, but do not show clear differences in expressive intensity between episodes of the FFSF. |
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Keywords: | Facial expression Affect Heart rate Prenatal cocaine exposure Still-face Facial Action Coding System |
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