Assessment of Individual Differences in Regulatory Focus among Cigarette Smokers |
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Authors: | David A F Haaga Dara G Friedman-Wheeler Elizabeth McIntosh Anthony H Ahrens |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, American University, Asbury Building, Washington, DC 20016-8062, USA |
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Abstract: | Smoking cessation programs might benefit from tailoring messages to individual differences in regulatory focus (see Higgins,
American Psychologist, 52:1280–1300, 1997), but there is little evidence on the stability or convergent validity of regulatory focus measures.
In two studies, smokers completed four measures of regulatory focus: (a) Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ); (b) actual–ideal
and actual–ought self-discrepancies; (c) response duration in naming ideal or ought self-guides; and (d) reaction time for
lexical decisions about one’s ideal or ought self-guides. Study 1 included a 1-month retest. Retest reliability was adequate,
but convergent validity was poor. Questionnaire and self-discrepancy measures were unrelated to each other or to the reaction
time measures. To facilitate future studies of tailored health behavior change interventions, research is needed to determine
whether weak convergent validity resulted from (a) invalidity of some or all of the regulatory focus measures or (b) validity
of each for measuring a different aspect of the construct. |
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Keywords: | Regulatory focus Prevention focus Promotion focus Retest reliability Convergent validity |
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