试论陈致虚的道教易学思想

本文主要分析了陈致虚道教易学的内丹学思想的理论特色。陈致虚以《周易》之理来建构其内丹学的思想体系,提出了“易只阴阳两件物事”、“易之道道数也”、“易之道统乎天心”等三条道教内丹学的原则。认为道教内丹修炼是法天地阴阳造化生生之理而进行的,天地造化就是太极或道的展开过程,修道即是要回复到道本身。而天地造化之功不离阴阳两件物事,所以,内丹修炼不离阴阳。“阴阳”为道之纲纪,向道复归的路径为“逆”,“天心”即天地造化生生的节度和有序性,内丹修炼通过调和“阴阳”,以“逆”的方式法“天心”而施功,便能参赞天地之化育,以论还丹。陈致虚通过“援易入道”,在对本体之道的理解、修持的原理、证道的方法等内丹学的重要理论问题上作出了具有特色的阐述,为宋元时期成熟的道教内丹学的理论体系的建立作出了贡献。

On the thought of Daoist Yi learning of CHEN Zhi-xu

This paper mainly analyzes the theoretical characteristics of Daoist priest CHEN Zhi-xu's internal elixir theory based upon the Daoist Yi learning. CHEN founded the ideological system of his internal elixir theory by the principles embraced in Zhouyi, raising three principles relating to Daoist internal elixir: "Yi is only about (the transforming between) Yin and Yang", "the Dao of Yi is to return (to the origin)", and "the Dao of Yi is governed by the mind of heaven". He holds that the refinery of Daoist internal elixir is carried out by the principle of the ever-generating & changing of heaven and earth, Yin and Yang. Changes and transformations of heaven and earth, Yin and Yang demonstrate just a course for Taiji and Dao to un-fold. To cultivate by Dao is to return back to Dao itself. As Yin and Yang things are indispensable to the generating and transforming of heaven and earth, refining of the internal elixir is inseparable from Yin and Yang. "Yin-yang" is the governor of Dao, and the ap- proach to returning to Dao is called "reversing", "the mind of heaven" refers to the rhythm and quality of order for the ever-generating and transformation of heaven and earth. By way of balancing Yin and Yang and simulating "the mind of heaven" with "returning", the refining of the internal elixir is accomplished. Thus the practitioner could take part in the changes and transformations of heaven and earth to refine the elixir. By adopting principles embraced in Yi into Daoism, CHEN Zhi-xu made distinctive explications to the ontological Dao, principles for refinery, as well as the methods to demonstrate the Dao, making great contributions to the establishment of the mature Daoist theory of internal elixir (refinery) of the Song and Yuan dynasties.