"志气如神"与"以神行智"——论《东坡易传》中"神"的观念

与传统鬼神观和中古的道教养生术相联系,苏轼坚信“神”的持存性与超越性,认为决定人的生命形态能否为魂为神的标准就在于志气能否战胜精气,“神”能否成为生命的主宰。此种信念塑造了苏轼崇高的志气和品节。在此基础上,苏轼建构了心统神智和“以神行智”的认识论框架,提出以神的直观来驾驭智的认知,使心灵摆脱蒙蔽,澄明自在,无心独运,从而达到与物世界的有效沟通,获得“与天地相似”的生命智慧。东坡易学关于神的论述,对理解和解释苏轼的美学观念与艺术体验有着重要意义。

On the idea of 'shen' (spirit) in the Dong-po's Commentaries on the Yi

SU Dong-po (courtesy name of SU Shi) firmly believes in the existence and transcendence of the 'spirit', which is related to traditional Chinese concept of spirit and ghost and the way to longevity in ancient Daoism, and insists whether man's existing state after death will become a 'spirit' or 'ghost' is determined by whether his/her will can conquer the essence or not, i. e. whether the 'spirit' can govern the life. This belief modeled SU Shi's lofty aspiration and moral courage. On this basis, SU Shi established a cognitive frame in which the heart-mind governs the consciousness and the consciousness is realized in the 'spirit' and claims to govern the intellectual knowledge by the intuition of the spirit in order to make the mind shake off the obscurity and attain to freedom and transparency. In this way, one can effectively communicate with the world and participate into its movement and thus attain to the wisdom similar to that of the heaven and earth, i. e. deal with every thing unintentionally. Dong-po's account concerning the 'spirit'is of great significance for us to understand and interpret his aesthetic concept and experience on art.