Expectation and temperament moderate amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex responses to fear faces |
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Authors: | Jacqueline A Clauss Ronald L Cowan Jennifer Urbano Blackford |
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Institution: | (1) Vanderbilt Medical School Department of Psychiatry, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057J, Nashville, TN 37212, USA;(2) Vanderbilt Department of Psychology, Nashville, TN, USA;(3) Vanderbilt Department of Radiological Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA |
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Abstract: | A chronic tendency to avoid novelty is often the result of a temperamental bias called inhibited temperament, and is associated
with increased risk for anxiety disorders. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that an inhibited temperament is associated
with increased amygdalar blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response to unfamiliar faces that were not expected; however,
the effects of variations in expectancy remain unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied BOLD
response to infrequently encountered fear faces that were either expected or not expected in 42 adults with an inhibited or
an uninhibited temperament. Individuals with an inhibited temperament had greater amygdala, but less dorsal anterior cingulate
cortex (dACC), BOLD response when the stimuli were expected. In contrast, those with an uninhibited temperament had a smaller
amygdala but larger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex BOLD response when expecting to see fear faces. These findings demonstrate
temperament differences in expectancy effects and provide preliminary evidence for the dACC as a neural substrate mediating
differences in inhibited temperament. Enhanced amygdala sensitivity coupled with weak inhibitory control from the dACC may
form a neural circuit mediating behaviors characteristic of inhibited temperament and risk for anxiety disorders. |
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