Learning and development of trust,acceptance and the mental model of ACC. A longitudinal on-road study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institut VEDECOM, 77 rue des Chantiers, 78000 Versailles, France;2. French Institute of Science and Technology for Transportation, Development, and Networks (IFSTTAR), Department of Planning, Mobilities, and Environment, Laboratory of Mobility and Behaviour Psychology, France;3. French Institute of Science and Technology for Transportation, Development, and Networks (IFSTTAR), Components and Systems Department, Laboratory for Road Operations, Perception, Simulators and Simulations, France;1. Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics, Division of Vehicle Safety, Accident Prevention Group, Lindholmspiren 3, Lindholmen Science Park, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden;2. ISEC UNIVERSITAS, Alameda das Linhas de Torres 179, 1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal;3. CITTA, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;4. Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;5. CIGEST, Rua Vitorino Nemésio 5, 1750-306 Lisboa, Portugal;1. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;2. Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor, MI, United States;3. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;4. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;5. Institute of Gerontology, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;6. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States;7. Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States;8. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia''s Injury Control Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States;9. Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY, United States;1. Transport and Roads, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;2. Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), 581 95 Linköping, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | To harness the potential of advanced driver assistance systems, drivers must learn how to use them in a safe and appropriate manner. The present study investigates the learning process, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model for interacting with adaptive cruise control (ACC). Research questions aim to model the learning process in mathematical/statistical terms, examine moments and conditions when these processes stabilize, and assess how experience changes the mental model of the system. A sample of fifteen drivers without ACC experience drove a test vehicle with ACC ten consecutive times on the same route within a 2-month period. All participants were fully trained in ACC functionality by reading the owner’s manual in the beginning. Results show that learning, as well as the development of acceptance and trust in ACC follows the power law of learning. All processes stabilize at a relatively high level after the fifth session, which corresponds to 185 km or 3.5 h of driving. No decline is observable with ongoing system experience. However, limitations that are not experienced tend to disappear from the mental model if they are not activated by experience. Therefore, it is recommended that users be periodically reminded of system limitations (e.g. by intelligent tutoring systems) to make sure that corresponding knowledge nodes are activated. |
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| Keywords: | Adaptive cruise control Automation Mental model Trust Acceptance Power law of learning |
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