Age-related changes in concept formation,rule switching,and perseverative behaviors: A study using WCST with 12 unidimensional target cards |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA;2. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA;3. Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA;4. Schey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA;5. Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA;6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA;7. Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA;8. Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA;9. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA;10. Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA;11. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA;1. 110 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. 260A Bevier Hall, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;3. 102 Ackerman Hall, Department of Food and Nutrition, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA;4. 1 UNF Drive, Nutrition and Dietetics, Building 39, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA |
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| Abstract: | This study examined developmental changes in concept formation, rule switching, and perseverative behaviors of children in the WCST by altering visual features of the test and using a new test score – the ‘zigzag’ error score – which shows the number of shifts made between two incorrect concepts or rules. Instead of the original four 3-dimensional WCST target cards, 12 unidimensional target cards were used in the present study. Consistent with previous research using the original WCST, the results of the current study revealed age-related differences in the unidimensional WCST performance. Six- to seven-year-olds produced more perseverative errors than older children, but as many zigzag errors – shifts between incorrect categories – as the eight- to nine-year-olds did. This suggested that the main difficulty for six- to seven-year-olds was one of the representational inflexibility rather than of switching inflexibility. |
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