The distributed learning effect for children's acquisition of an abstract syntactic construction |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Max Planck Child Study Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK;2. University of Manchester, Manchester, UK;3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;1. University of Liège, Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behaviour, Belgium;2. University of Poitiers and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France;3. University of Liège, Department of Education, Belgium;1. Institut d''Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730 Gandia, Spain;2. GRPHE – Université de Haute Alsace, Institut universitaire de technologie de Colmar, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, BP 50568, 68008 Colmar, France;3. Technical University of Catalonia, Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Rambla Exposició, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain;4. INFN – Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;5. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;6. Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;7. Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands;8. CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France;9. APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France;10. IFIC – Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Edificios Investigación de Paterna, CSIC – Universitat de València, Apdo. de Correos 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain;11. LAM – Laboratoire d''Astrophysique de Marseille, Pôle de l''Étoile Site de Château-Gombert, rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie 38, 13388 Marseille Cedex 13, France;12. INFN – Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy;13. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy;14. INFN – Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy;15. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy;p. Institute for Space Science, RO-077125 Bucharest, Măgurele, Romania;q. Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Univertsité, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;r. Géoazur, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d''Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France;s. INFN – Sezione di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;t. INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Via S. Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy;u. INFN – Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy;v. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia 80126, Napoli, Italy;w. Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix-Marseille University, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France;x. Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS-INSU/IRD UM 110, 83957, La Garde Cedex, France;y. Univ. Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France;z. Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands;11. Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer Str. 31, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;12. INFN – Sezione di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;13. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ''t Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands;14. Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Betawetenschappen, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands;15. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Instituut voor Hoge-Energie Fysica, Science Park 105, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;16. Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte and ECAP, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany;17. Moscow State University, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;18. Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell''Università, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy;19. Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l''Univers, Service de Physique des Particules, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France;110. Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland;111. IPHC – Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS/IN2P3, 23 rue du Loess, BP 28, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France;112. ITEP – Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, B. Cheremushkinskaya 25, 117218 Moscow, Russia;113. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;114. University Mohammed I, Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations, B.P. 717, Oujda 6000, Morocco |
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| Abstract: | In many cognitive domains, learning is more effective when exemplars are distributed over a number of sessions than when they are all presented within one session. The present study investigated this distributed learning effect with respect to English-speaking children's acquisition of a complex grammatical construction. Forty-eight children aged 3;6–5;10 (Experiment 1) and 72 children aged 4;0–5;0 (Experiment 2) were given 10 exposures to the construction all in one session (massed), or on a schedule of two trials per day for 5 days (distributed-pairs), or one trial per day for 10 days (distributed). Children in both the distributed-pairs and distributed conditions learnt the construction better than children in the massed condition, as evidenced by productive use of this construction with a verb that had not been presented during training. Methodological and theoretical implications of this finding are discussed, with particular reference to single-process accounts of language acquisition. |
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