Ketamine "unlocks" the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: evidence for dopamine--glutamate interactions in timing and time perception |
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Authors: | Cheng Ruey-Kuang Ali Yusuf M Meck Warren H |
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Institution: | Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Genome Sciences Research Building II, Box 91050, Durham, NC 27708, USA. |
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Abstract: | The present study examined the clock-speed modulating effects of acute cocaine administration in groups of male rats that received different amounts of baseline training on a 36-s peak-interval procedure prior to initial drug injection. After injection of cocaine (10, 15, or 20mg/kg, ip), rats that had received a minimal amount of training (e.g., or=180 sessions) prior to cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) administration did not produce this "classic" curve-shift effect, but instead displayed a general disruption of temporal control following drug administration. Importantly, when co-administered with a behaviorally ineffective dose of ketamine (10mg/kg, ip) the ability of cocaine to modulate clock speed in rats receiving extended training was restored. A glutamate "lock/unlock" hypothesis is used to explain the observed dopamine-glutamate interactions as a function of timing behaviors becoming learned habits. |
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