先秦情欲论

情欲是中国心理学思想史的重要范畴，而先秦情欲论又是这一范畴研究的发端，对后世影响很大。该文从情、欲、情与欲之关系、情欲态度四个方面，探讨了先秦诸子主要是儒、道、墨、法四家的情欲理论，并结合现代心理学和现代人的生活实际进行了初步的评论。

THEORY OF DESIRES ANDEMOTIONS IN PRE-QIN PERIOD

This paper explored the theories about desires and emotions in pre-Qin period which is a phase of ancient Chinese psychological history. There were four aspects about the subject: desires, emotions, theirrelationship, the theorists’ attitudes to desires and emotions of human beings. The paper involved the theorists such as Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi, Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi, Mo Zi, Han Fei Zi, and so on. Also the paper discussed the theorists’ contribution to modern psychology and the value to modern human being. The scholars of the pre-Qin period shared nearly the same opinion of the nature and the varieties of desires. They treated desires from the point of human nature and classified it into several basic categories. Those desires for food and clothes were regarded as primary ones. In the discussions about emotions by the pre-Qin scholars, several points should be paid special attention to: emotions and desires are not separable; man has several basic emotions such as pleasure, anger, sorrow and enjoyment;emotions find outlets in expressions, facial or vocal; it was nice for people to be sincere and to treat others with universal love, pities and sympathy. No systematic theories about the relationship between desires and emotions can be found, but we may conclude that the emphasis of the predecessors’ argument was “which was the basis on which the other was produced”. Some scholars such as Xun Zi insisted that inherent nature was the most essential, while the majority took the opposite stand. In this argument, Mencius had a surprisingly radical viewpoint of filial piety, which is in fact a reflection of the subconscious wish of being forever in one’s childhood. He thought that even though all the desires for music, color, wealth and honor were satisfied, it was still impossible to relieve one’s anxiety, which,according to him, could only be relieved by filial piety to one’s parents. Referring to the treatment of desires and emotions, the pre-Qin scholars mostly agreed to check them. Generally speaking, the viewpoints possessed by Confucius and Xun Zi are rational and practical, whereas the spiritual freedom by Zhuang Zi, the sentiments of a savior by Mo Zi, and the heroic personality by Mencius are beyond the reach of the common. Lao Zi and Han Fei Zi stood for non-desire and check of the mass’ desires, which can be viewed as a conservative thought of politics in the time of extremely low productivity.