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Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures
Authors:P Alex Linley  John Maltby  Alex M Wood  Gabrielle Osborne  Robert Hurling
Institution:aCentre of Applied Positive Psychology, The Venture Centre, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UK;bSchool of Psychology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK;cSchool of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, 1.18 Coupland Building 1, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK;dUnilever Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
Abstract:The nature and structure of well-being is a topic that has garnered increasing interest with the emergence of positive psychology. Limited research to date suggests two separate but related factors of subjective well-being and psychological well-being. Subjective well-being comprises an affective component of the balance between positive and negative affect, together with a cognitive component of judgments about one’s life satisfaction. Psychological well-being is conceptualised as having six components, including positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, purpose in life and personal growth. In the current study, we used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being in a series of large UK samples. Analyses showed that subjective well-being and psychological well-being loaded separately onto two independent but related factors, consistent with previous research. Further, we demonstrated that these loadings did not vary according to gender, age or ethnicity, providing further support for the robustness of this higher order factor structure. The discussion locates these findings in context and explores future research directions on the associations between subjective and psychological well-being over time.
Keywords:Positive psychology  Happiness  Well-being
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