Children's use of context and category cues to retrieve episodic information from memory |
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| Affiliation: | 9. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, BR;99. Departamento de Analises Clinicas e Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, BR;999. Departamento de Ciencia Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Parana, PR, BR;9V. Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BR;V. Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Ceara, CE, BR;V9. Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, BR;1. Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia;2. Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom;3. Division of Cardiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee;4. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;5. Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;6. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;1. Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Special Needs Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1, Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan;3. Faculty of Education, Tokoha University, 1-22-1, Sena, Aoi, Shizuoka, Japan;1. Department of Applied Linguistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;1. Klaire Brumbaugh, ClinScD, CCC-SLP, School of Human Services, University of Central Missouri, 415 E. Clark S. G2 120 Bldg B, Martin 058, Warrensburg, MO 64093, United States;2. Communication Sciences and Disorders, Kansas State University, 139 Campus Creek Complex, Manhattan, KS 66506-7500, United States |
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| Abstract: | According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, a retrieval cue is effective to the extent that it is “compatible” with trace information in memory. The purpose of this study is to determine if the bases for establishing “compatibility” change with age. Adjective Noun-Noun (e.g., Bloody Axe-Sword) word triplets were presented at acquisition to second and fourth graders and college adults, and recall for the second noun (Sword) was tested at recall. The degree to which the retrieval cue information represented the acquisition encoding context was varied through the use of Adjective Noun, Noun, and Adjective context cues and cues representing the category name (e.g., weapon). In addition, the specificity of the acquisition encoding was manipulated. Either General (i.e., straight) or Distinctive (bloody) adjectives modified the nouns; encoding was constrained by relational or highly specific orienting questions, or was unconstrained (No Orient); and the questions were congruent or incongruent. The most striking results were that the second graders made effective use only of the Adjective Noun cues that most adequately represented the encoding context, and only in the most specified event situations (i.e., distinctive adjectives/specific congruent orienting questions). |
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