Animals may not be stuck in time |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy;2. Department of Humanistic Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy;3. Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy;1. 10 County Lane, Glen Mills, PA 19342, USA;2. Canine Genomics Research Group, Research Program''s Unit, Molecular Neurology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;3. JBSA-Lackland, 1219 Knight Street, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA;4. PO Box 168, Sartell, MN 56377, USA;1. Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Ichthyogenic Experimental Marine Centre (CISMAR), University of Tuscia, Borgo Le Saline, 01016 Tarquinia, VT, Italy;2. Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy;3. Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada;1. Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium;2. Living Statistics, Ghent, Belgium;3. Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium;1. NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, UNIV RENNES, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, F-14000, Caen, France;2. NORMANDIE UNIV, UNILEHAVRE, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I02, Environmental Stress and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Environments (SEBIO), 76600, Le Havre, France;3. Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Humans have the ability to mentally travel forward and back in time. They can retrieve vivid memories of past events (episodic memories) and can imagine the future (planning). Although it has been suggested that this is a uniquely human ability, the evidence for subjective time travel in humans is typically based on verbal report and elaboration. Such evidence cannot be obtained from animals. However, we may have indirect evidence for episodic memory and planning. For example, we can show that animals can ‘report’ about their recent past experience when they are unexpectedly asked to do so—performance that is analogous to episodic memory. We can also show that animals use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action—analogous to planning. Thus, we have suggestive evidence that animals may not be stuck in time. |
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