The combined influence of body weight support and running direction on self-selected movement patterns |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;2. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-3034, United States;1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;2. Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;3. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;1. Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology and Sports Medicine, UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria;2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria;1. Institute of Physical Therapy, Prevention and Rehabilitation, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;2. Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;3. Institute of Complex Health Sciences, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburgerstr. 2, D-65510 Idstein, Germany;4. Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;1. The Polytechnic School, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA;2. School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA;1. Department of Physical Therapy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA;2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada;2. Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada;3. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, QC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | We investigated metabolic costs, muscle activity, and perceptual responses during forward and backward running at matched speeds at different body weight support (BWS) conditions. Participants ran forward and backward on a lower body positive pressure treadmill at 0%BWS, 20%BWS, and 50%BWS conditions. We measured oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, muscle activity, and stride frequency. Additionally, we calculated metabolic cost of transport. Furthermore, we used rating of perceived exertion and feeling scale to investigate perceptual responses. Feeling scale during running was higher with increasing BWS (0–50%BWS), regardless of running direction (p < 0.05). Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and metabolic cost of transport were influenced by the interaction of running direction and BWS (p < 0.01). For example, metabolic cost of transport during backward running was greater than when running forward only when running at 0%BWS (i.e., 4.4 ± 1.1 and 5.8 ± 1.4 J/kg/m for forward and backward running, respectively: p < 0.001). However, rectus femoris muscle activity, stride frequency, and rating of perceived exertion during backward running were averages of 113.5%, 11.3%, and 2.8 rankings greater than when running forward, respectively, regardless of BWS (p < 0.001). We interpret our observations to indicate that environment (in the context of effective body weight) is a critical factor that determines self-selected movement patterns during forward and backward running. |
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