Effect of psychostimulant medications on static balance performance in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Within-subjects repeated-measure study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, The University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;3. Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;4. Department of Human Studies, School of Education, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;5. Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;1. Department of Sport & Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany;2. Department of Psychology, Würzburg University, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;2. Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;3. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;1. Département des sciences de l''activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;2. École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l''activité physique de la Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2100 Edouard Montpetit Blvd. #6219, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;3. Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada;4. Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada;5. Human Kinetics Department, St Francis Xavier University, 4130 University Ave, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada;6. Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;7. Département de Pédiatrique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 3175, chemin Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;1. Aix Marseille Univ, PSYCLE, Aix-en-Provence, France;2. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Marseille, France;3. ISRP, Marseille, France;4. ISRP, Paris, France;5. CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France;1. Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, Bangor University, UK;2. School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, UK;3. Department of Kinesiology, Trent University, ON, Canada;1. Institute of Physical Therapy, Prevention and Rehabilitation, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;2. Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;3. Institute of Complex Health Sciences, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburgerstr. 2, D-65510 Idstein, Germany;4. Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveThis study examined the effect of psychostimulant medications nPS) on balance and functional motor performance in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsParticipants completed two sessions (off-medication and on-medication) in a within-subjects repeated-measure study design. There was a minimum of seven days between the two sessions. During both sessions, participants stood for 30 s per condition on a force platform. The conditions were: feet-apart with 1) eyes-open and 2) eyes-closed; feet-together with 3) eyes-open and 4) eyes-closed. Participants performed three trials of timed up and go (TUG) and lateral step-up test (LSUT) during both sessions. Outcome measures were sway area (SA cm2]), average sway velocity (SV cm/s]), TUG average time (s), and average number of LSUT repetitions. Data were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests for examining PS effects on balance (SA and SV) and functional motor performance (TUG and LSUT), respectively.ResultsThe sample included 45 adults (35 females; mean age = 28.4 ± 6.3 years). The repeated-measures MANOVA indicated that PS was associated with better SA F(1,44) = 9.6; p = 0.003;ηp2 = 0.18] but not with SV F(1,44) = 1.0; p = 0.319;ηp2 = 0.02]. PS was associated with significantly better SA with decreasing base-of-support F(1,44) = 9.9; p = 0.003;ηp2 = 0.18]. Additionally, PS use was associated with better TUG t(1,44) = 2.65; p = 0.014;Cohen's d = 0.39] but not LSUT performances t(1,44) = −0.68; p = 0.499;Cohen's d = −0.10].ConclusionsPS was associated with better SA and TUG in adults with ADHD. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of PS on balance performance using rigorous designs in this population.ImpactHealthcare providers should screen for PS status and balance when treating adults with ADHD to enhance safe motor performance. |
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