Isometric force complexity may not fully originate from the nervous system |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark;2. Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 4243 TAMU, College Station 77843, TX, USA;3. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;4. Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom;1. RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1133, Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway;2. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway;3. Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, Lovisenberggata 13, Oslo 0456, Norway;4. Department of Musicology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1017, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway;1. Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V1V7, British Columbia, Canada;2. Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z3, British Columbia, Canada;1. University of São Paulo, Human Motor Systems Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA;2. Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;4. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA;5. College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA;6. Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | In humans and animals, spatial and temporal information from the nervous system are translated into muscle force enabling movements of body segments. To gain deeper understanding of this translation of information into movements, we investigated the motor control dynamics of isometric contractions in children, adolescents, young adults and older adults. Twelve children, thirteen adolescents, fourteen young adults, and fifteen older adults completed two minutes of submaximal isometric plantar- and dorsiflexion. Simultaneously, sensorimotor cortex EEG, tibialis anterior and soleus EMG and plantar- and dorsiflexion force was recorded. Surrogate analysis suggested that all signals were from a deterministic origin. Multiscale entropy analysis revealed an inverted U-shape relationship between age and complexity for the force but not for the EEG and EMG signals. This suggests that temporal information in from the nervous system is modulated by the musculoskeletal system during the transmission into force. The entropic half-life analyses indicated that this modulation increases the time scale of the temporal dependency in the force signal compared to the neural signals. Together this indicates that the information embedded in produced force does not exclusively reflect the information embedded in the underlying neural signal. |
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