Intention-based evaluations of distributive actions by 4-month-olds |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners of Reggio Calabria, Italy;2. Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy;1. Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,;2. Division of Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA,;3. Department of Innovation and Product Design, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain,;4. Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, USA,;5. Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children''s Hospital Los Angeles, USA;1. Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA;2. Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA;3. HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA;1. Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway;2. Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Research, Lillehammer, Norway;3. Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Project, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway;5. Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;6. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal;1. Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA;2. Department of Psychology, Xavier University (Emerita), USA;3. Washington - Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis, USA;4. Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, USA;5. Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel;6. The Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA;1. Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, United States;2. The Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, United States;3. Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, United States;4. Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, United States;5. Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States |
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| Abstract: | Four-month-olds’ ability to consider the intentions of agents performing distributive actions was investigated in four experiments, using the Violation of Expectation paradigm (VoE) (Experiments 1–3) and the Preferential Looking paradigm (Experiment 4). In Experiment 1, infants were presented with two events showing two types of failed attempts to perform a distribution. In an attempt to distribute fairly, the distributor first tried to reach one of the recipients to deliver an apple, he failed, and then attempted to reach the other recipient to deliver a second apple and also failed. In an attempt to distribute unfairly, a different distributor tried unsuccessfully to bring resources always to the same recipient. Infants looked reliably longer at failed fair distribution events, suggesting that they did not just react to the actions outcomes and they attended to agents' intentions. Experiments 2 and 3 assessed alternative explanations based on perceptual factors or affiliative behaviors. In Experiment 4, during the test trials, infants were shown both distributors simultaneously and they preferred to look at the fair rather than at the unfair distributor. Overall, these findings reveal an early ability to take into account distributors’ intentions and a preference for watching agents that tried to distribute resources fairly. |
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| Keywords: | Fairness Intentionality Distributive actions Infancy Socio-moral evaluation |
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