Measuring Spirituality as a Universal Human Experience: A Review of Spirituality Questionnaires |
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| Authors: | Eltica de Jager Meezenbroek Bert Garssen Machteld van den Berg Dirk van Dierendonck Adriaan Visser Wilmar B Schaufeli |
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| Institution: | (1) Helen Dowling Institute, Care for Cancer, Rubenslaan 190, 3582 JJ Utrecht, The Netherlands;(2) Department of Organization and Personnel Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(3) Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Spirituality is an important theme in health research, since a spiritual orientation can help people to cope with the consequences of a serious disease. Knowledge on the role of spirituality is, however, limited, as most research is based on measures of religiosity rather than spirituality. A questionnaire that transcends specific beliefs is a prerequisite for quantifying the importance of spirituality among people who adhere to a religion or none at all. In this review, we discuss ten questionnaires that address spirituality as a universal human experience. Questionnaires are evaluated with regard to psychometric properties, item formulation and confusion with well-being and distress. Although none of the questionnaires fulfilled all the criteria, the multidimensional Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire is promising. |
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