Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects |
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Institution: | 1. Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy;2. Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 0-3 Centre for the at-Risk Infant, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy;3. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;1. CNRS-AIST Joint Robotics Laboratory (JRL), UMI3218/RL, Tsukuba, Japan;2. CNRS-UM LIRMM, Interactive Digital Human Group, UMR5506, Montpellier, France;1. Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza dell׳Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy;2. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland;3. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland;1. Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USA;2. Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, USA;3. Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom |
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Abstract: | Rubber-hand and virtual-hand illusions show that people can perceive body ownership for objects under suitable conditions. Bottom-up approaches assume that perceived ownership emerges from multisensory matching (e.g., between seen object and felt hand movements), whereas top-down approaches claim that novel body parts are integrated only if they resemble some part of a permanent internal body representation. We demonstrate that healthy adults perceive body ownership for a virtual balloon changing in size, and a virtual square changing in size or color, in synchrony with movements of their real hand. This finding is inconsistent with top-down approaches and amounts to an existence proof that non-corporeal events can be perceived as body parts if their changes are systematically related to one’s actions. It also implies that previous studies with passive-stimulation techniques might have underestimated the plasticity of body representations and put too much emphasis on the resemblance between viewed object and real hand. |
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Keywords: | Rubber hand illusion Virtual hand illusion Body ownership Non-corporeal object Sense of agency |
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