Sustaining a Strong Cultural and National Identity: The Acculturation of Immigrants and Second-generation Canadians of Asian and African Descent

Immigrants often internalize a new national identity when they move to another country (psychological acculturation), although doing so means identifying with a culture that has values and traditions different from those of their culture of origin. A total of 403 immigrants, mostly from Asia (54.4%) and Africa (34.9%), and 78 Canadians whose parents had emigrated mostly from Asia (84.4%) completed a questionnaire on their integration into Canadian society and the discriminatory barriers that they faced. In support of Social Identity Theory (SIT), the strength with which respondents identified with Canada was associated with less cultural group bias, whereas the strength with which they identified with their cultural group was associated with more cultural group bias (Hypothesis 1). That is, a strong national identity moderated the tendency of immigrants (Study 1) and Canadians who are the children of immigrants (Study 2) to favour their cultural group over others. In addition, these opposing identity-differentiation relationships were stronger for those who believed that their heritage culture was incompatible with Canadian culture (Hypothesis 2). Unexpectedly, support for Hypothesis 2 was much stronger for the small sample of Canadians in Study 2, and their identification with and participation in mainstream Canadian society were negatively related to perceived discrimination. These and other results support the value of balanced multiculturalism policies designed to combat racism and encourage immigrants and their native-born children to identify strongly with their host nation while maintaining their heritage culture.