Shared distinctiveness as a source of illusory correlation in performance appraisal |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Trier, Trier, Germany;2. The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic;3. Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic;1. Baker Library 467, Negotiations, Organizations, and Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field Drive, Boston, MA 02163, United States;2. Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, United States;3. Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, United States;4. Marketing Department, Bocconi University, Italy;1. Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of General Practice, Werdener Str. 7, 40227 Düsseldorf, Germany;2. Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Clinical Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany,;3. Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Deanery of Study and Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Rheumatology, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;4. Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Deanery of Study and Clinical Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;1. Singapore Management University, Singapore;2. INSEAD, Singapore |
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| Abstract: | The formation of illusory correlations between group membership and quality of job performance was investigated in four experiments. Information-processing theories predict that stimuli equally and highly distinctive will be perceived to be associated, even in the absence of a statistical relationship. Group membership and behavioral performance indicants for the job of municipal fire fighter were manipulated in a stimulus set such that the relative frequency of an arbitrary “minority” group matched the relative frequency of extremely good/poor behaviors. Additionally, a delay was introduced between stimulus presentation and measurement in three of the four experiments, in order to test a categorical processing explanation for the illusory correlation phenomenon. Results showed little evidence of illusory association on evaluation, recognition, or estimation tasks until the affective contrast between frequent and infrequent stimulus behaviors was increased to a degree unlikely to occur naturally. It was concluded that the shared distinctiveness source of the illusory correlation is unlikely to produce appraisal-relevant “local stereotypes”. |
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