Image Manipulation as Research Misconduct |
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Authors: | Debra Parrish Bridget Noonan |
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Institution: | (1) Parrish Law Offices, 615 Washington Road Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15228, USA |
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Abstract: | A growing number of research misconduct cases handled by the Office of Research Integrity involve image manipulations. Manipulations
may include simple image enhancements, misrepresenting an image as something different from what it is, and altering specific
features of an image. Through a study of specific cases, the misconduct findings associated with image manipulation, detection
methods and those likely to identify such manipulations, are discussed. This article explores sanctions imposed against guilty
researchers and the factors that resulted in no misconduct finding although relevant images clearly were flawed. Although
new detection tools are available for universities and journals to detect questionable images, this article explores why these
tools have not been embraced.
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Keywords: | Research Misconduct Image manipulation Misconduct detection |
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