Formal,systematic, and metasystematic operations with a balance-beam task series: A reply to Kallio's claim of no distinct systematic stage |
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Authors: | Michael L. Commons Eric A. Goodheart Linda M. Bresette Nancy F. Bauer Edwin W. Farrell Katherine G. McCarthy Dorothy L. Danaher Francis A. Richards Janet B. Ellis Anne M. O'Brien Joseph A. Rodriguez Dawn Schraeder |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 74 Fenwood Road Boston, 02115-6196, Massachusetts |
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Abstract: | This reply discusses the measurement of formal, systematic, and metasystematic stages. Recent multidomain studies have shown disparate results and we suggest that these results could be attributed not to actual variations in adult development or the existence or non-existence of stage, but instead may reflect differences in methodology regarding task, domain, and scoring. Our study indicates that when tested in only one domain—balance beams and extensions of those tasks—participants who performed at the higher stage were also able to perform at the lower stages. These results also coincide with similar studies conducted. |
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Keywords: | Postformal thought formal-systematic-metasystematic thought cognitive development |
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