Unprepared phobias: "be prepared".

The weaknesses of the equipotentiality premise are rehearsed and an alternative theory of preparedness, with particular reference to phobias, is outlined. Two clinical cases which appear to be contrary to prediction are described. Although their phobias were unprepared (lack of biological significance, rarity, and probably gradual acquisition) they showed features (high resistance and broad generalization) not predicted by the theory. It is suggested that these features may appear as a result of (i) overlearning. (ii) symbolic transformation or (iii) considerable associated psychopathology.