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Resisting Gendered Smoking Pressures: Critical Consciousness as a Correlate of Women's Smoking Status |
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| Authors: | Alyssa N. Zucker Abigail J. Stewart Cynthia S. Pomerleau Carol J. Boyd |
| Affiliation: | (1) Department of Psychology, and Program in Women's Studies, George Washington University, 837 22nd St. NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20052;(2) Department of Psychology, Program in Women's Studies, and Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;(3) Nicotine Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, and Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, USA;(4) School of Nursing and Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, USA |
| Abstract: | Gender is one of the social structures, along with social class and ethnicity, that shapes women's smoking behaviors. We examined how different responses to gender pressures (internalization and resistance) relate to smoking. We analyzed data from a national random digit dial survey of 945 women and found that never smokers scored high on resistance to gender pressure (indicated by high scores on feminist consciousness) and on education and Body Mass Index; current smokers had the reverse pattern. Ex-smokers scored high on one measure of resistance (advertising skepticism) and on two measures of internalization (embodied femininity and weight concern); they were also likely to have high household income and to be European American. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for smoking cessation programs and antismoking campaigns. |
| Keywords: | cigarette smoking feminist consciousness advertising skepticism |
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