Changes in intertemporal choices in deviant behaviors |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal;2. Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Maia University Institute, Portugal;1. Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia;2. Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia;3. Institute of Psychology of RAS, Moscow, Russia;4. National Research Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia;1. Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands;3. Tactus Addiction Care, The Netherlands;4. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, MI, USA;2. Faculty of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan;1. Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal, Quebec, Canada;2. Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Delay discounting is the process of devaluing results that happen in the future. We present a comprehensive literature review of changes on intertemporal choices in deviant behaviors, namely in (a) substance-related and addictive disorders, (b) disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, and (c) eating disorders. We also present studies focused on differences in demographic characteristics of the populations by gender, age, and education/social class. Delay discounting is presented as a process of studying intertemporal choices, resulting from decades of empirical research. Studies indicate that this process may provide explanation as to why individuals will sometimes choose a smaller reward, available sooner, instead of a larger reward available later. When studying populations with the above-mentioned problems, they tend to exhibit more pronounced discounting functions than control groups. The association between discounting and gender is not clear. The relationship between delay discounting and age is relatively clear, where older individuals discount less markedly than younger individuals. Studies suggest that shallower discounting gradients are associated with higher levels of intelligence and academic success. We emphasize the need for more empirical research on delay discounting, especially in regard to deviant behavior that may be associated with impulse-control disorders. |
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