具体认知和抽象认知与社会文化因素的关系

采用认知测试、查阅人类学资料、现场调查和谈话等多种方法，探讨了我国不同生产方式、不同地区和不同民族４６０名成人的具体认知、抽象认知和认知方式及其与生态文化因素的关系。研究结果基本支持了我们理论上所假设的社会文化因素与具体认知操作、抽象认知操作、认知方式的关系，即狩猎和城市社会的生态环境和生产方式对人施加一种生态压力，增进其个体的具体的和抽象的认知，促使其抽象型认知方式的形成；而在捕鱼、游牧和农耕社会的生态环境和生产方式的作用下，个体倾向于较低水平的具体和抽象认知操作以及具体型的认知方式。紧密的社会结构和强调服从的社会化过程，与其个体较低水平的具体和抽象认知及具体型的认知方式相关联；而松散的社会结构和强调自主性的社会化过程，与较高水平具体和抽象认知操作、抽象型的认知方式相联系。正规教育等现代化因素是促进人认知，特别是抽象认知的有力因素。

THE RELATIONSHIPS OF CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT COGNITION WITH SOCUL AND CULTURAL FACTORS

This paper used cognitive tests,anthropological literature, andfield investigations to study 460 Chinese adult's concrete andabstract cognition,and cognitive styles (or the relative superiority between concrete and abstract cognition),and the relationships with social and cultural factors. An 8 * 2 * 3(8 subsistence strategies: agriculture irrigation, fishing, hunting,forestry,industry,city industry and trading/man and weman/18-34 years-old, 35-49 years-old, and 50 years-old andabove) ANOVA with covariables (the influences of education)revealed the significant covarable effett and main effects ofsubsistente strategy, sex and age in the concrete and abstractcognition, significant covar-effect and main effects of subsistence strategy in the cognitive styles. A correlation revealedthat social structural tightness, socialization emphasis (compliance-assertion), and the influentes of modernization arecorrelated with the sample' s concrete and abstratt cognitions ,and cognitive styles.