Evolutionary and neuroendocrine foundations of human aggression |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;1. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA;3. Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA;1. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;2. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK;2. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Entomology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;3. IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;4. Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China;1. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;2. Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK;1. Department of Experimental Psychology & All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |
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| Abstract: | Humans present a behavioural paradox: they are peaceful in many circumstances, but they are also violent and kill conspecifics at high rates. We describe a social evolutionary theory to resolve this paradox. The theory interprets human aggression as a combination of low propensities for reactive aggression and coercive behaviour and high propensities for some forms of proactive aggression (especially coalitionary proactive aggression). These tendencies are associated with the evolution of groupishness, self-domestication, and social norms. This human aggression profile is expected to demand substantial plasticity in the evolved biological mechanisms responsible for aggression. We discuss the contributions of various social signalling molecules (testosterone, cortisol, oxytocin, vasopressin, serotonin, and dopamine) as the neuroendocrine foundation conferring such plasticity. |
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