Inferring danger with minimal aversive experience |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;2. Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;1. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA;3. Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA;1. Department of Music, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;2. Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK;1. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;2. Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Experimental Psychology & All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;1. Neuroscience Institute and Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Learning about threats is crucial for survival and fundamentally rests upon Pavlovian conditioning. However, Pavlovian threat learning is largely limited to detecting known (or similar) threats and involves first-hand exposure to danger, which inevitably poses a risk of harm. We discuss how individuals leverage a rich repertoire of mnemonic processes that operate largely in safety and significantly expand our ability to recognize danger beyond Pavlovian threat associations. These processes result in complementary memories – acquired individually or through social interactions – that represent potential threats and the relational structure of our environment. The interplay between these memories allows danger to be inferred rather than directly learned, thereby flexibly protecting us from potential harm in novel situations despite minimal prior aversive experience. |
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