有关道德地位的五种理论——基于《生命医学伦理原则（第八版）》

生命医学伦理学中有关道德地位的五种理论都是基于特殊规定的，包括人类物种属性、认知属性、道德主体性、感受能力和关系等。在这些道德地位理论所建构的连续的道德地位等级序列中，并不是所有具有道德地位的个体都有明确的、无限制的、完整的道德地位，因此，道德地位的标准经常冲突，或因过于狭隘而无法成为道德地位的一般理论。通过道德规范的细化和限制权衡，从这些理论中提取精华并融合为一种多元的和连贯的道德地位标准，将规范付诸实践后可以塑造日益实用的道德地位准则。

Five Theories of Moral Status: Based on Principles of Biomedical Ethics (8th Edition)

The five theories of moral status in biomedical ethics are based on special criteria, including human attributes, cognitive attributes, moral subjectivity, sensibility and relationships. In the continuous hierarchy of moral status constructed by these moral status theories, not all individuals with moral status have a clear, unlimited, complete moral status. As a result, the criteria for moral status often conflict or are too narrow to be a general theory of moral status. Through the refinement and limitation of ethics, we can extract the essence of these theories and fuse them into a pluralistic and coherent standard of moral status, then put into practice, shape an increasingly practical moral status code.