存在主义心理治疗的两个哲学教条

作为基本信念的两个哲学教条，即“存在先于本质”和“人是绝对自由”，导致存在主义心理治疗遭受各种诟病。前者造成人的存在与本质分裂，过分夸大个体选择意义和忽略人的现实性等问题；后者造成自由与必然关系的割裂，忽略自由的条件性和抽掉人的社会历史性等问题。基于对两个哲学教条的反思，存在主义心理治疗要求“抽象人”与“具体人”，“个体性”与“社会性”，“此在性”与“历史性”的辩证统一，从根本上实现对人的科学理解，进而提升实效性。

Two Philosophical Dogmas of Existential Psychotherapy

For existential psychotherapy, the two fundamental philosophical dogmas, namely "existence precedes essence" and "man is absolutely free", have led to various criticisms. The former leads to the separation of human existence from essence, overemphasizing the significance of individual choice and neglecting the reality of human existence. The latter results in the separation of freedom from necessity, neglecting the contingent nature of freedom and detaching humanity from its social and historical background. Based on the reflection on two philosophical dogmas, existential psychotherapy requires the dialectical unity of "abstract person" and "concrete person", "individuality" and "sociality", "being-here" and "historicity", to fundamentally achieve a comprehensive understanding of human beings and thus enhance effectiveness.